ed, air-setting sand. Also known as the airset process because molds are left to harden under atmospheric
conditions. Nodular iron See ductile iron. Normalizing A heat treatment in which ferrous al-
loys are heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooled in still air to
room temperature. Offal Material that is trimmed off of a die-casting to
separate it from the shot and/or clean the parting line. Orientation Te position of a part or tool in a pro-
duction operation. Overaging The process of aging a nonferrous, precipitation-hardening alloy under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to
obtain maximum strength and hardness. Oxidation a) A reaction of an element with oxygen. b) Any process which increases the proportion of oxy-
gen or acid-forming element or radical in a compound. Parting line Te line showing the separation of the
two halves of the mold. Pattern Te wood, metal, foam or plastic shape
used to form the cavity in the sand. A pattern may consist of one or many impressions and would nor- mally be mounted on a board or plate complete with
Fig. 8. In investment casting, wax patterns are dipped into a mixture of refractory materials, called a slurry, which is then fired and dried before molten metal is poured into the mold.
Pattern draft See draft. Pattern injection In investment casting, the process of
a runner system.
filling the pattern die with expend- able material, usually in the liquid or
plastic state. Pattern layout Full-sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement and
structural features. Patternmaker’s shrinkage Te shrinkage allowance made on all pat- terns to compensate for the change in dimensions as the solidified casting cools in the mold from freezing tem- perature of the metal to room tempera- ture. Te pattern is made larger by the amount of shrinkage characteristic of the particular metal in the casting and the amount of resulting contraction to
be encountered. Pearlitic Pearlitic ductile iron is higher in alloy content than ferritic ductile iron. A pearlitic matrix lends higher
strength. Permeability Te property of a mold material to allow passage of mold/core gases during the pouring of molten
metal. Physical properties Properties of matter such as density, electrical and thermal conductivity, expansion and specific heat. Tis term should not be used interchangeably with “mechanical
properties.” Pig iron Blocks of iron to a known metal-chemical analysis that are used
48 Metal Casting Design & PurChasing 2012 Casting sourCe DireCtory
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