In-depth | STANDARDS
Safety studies are required to meet
HSE&E requirements by ensuring the safe performance and integrity in case of extreme and accidental events. More refined and sophisticated technologies should be applied because the mechanism of consequences due to extreme and accidental conditions is highly nonlinear by nature associated with non-Gaussian, multi-physics, multi-scale and multi-crtieria, together with a lot of uncertainties involved. Today, it is well recognised that a risk-based methodology is the best practice for safety studies by taking advantage of probabilistic and limit-state- based techniques. As far as the structural designs are
concerned, it is difficult to determine the true margin of structural safety using only linear elastic methods when the remaining limit states are unknown [1, 2]. It follows that determining the true limit state is crucially important for obtaining consistent safety measures that allow structures of different sizes, types and characteristics to be compared fairly. Te ability to correctly assess the true margin of safety would also inevitably lead to improvements in related regulations and design requirements. Tis is important because a designer may need to assess not
Figure 3: Paradigm change in design and engineering
only intact structures, but also structures with premised or accidental damage, as a way of anticipating their damage tolerance and survivability in association with HSE&E requirements [3, 4]. It is obvious that integrated and
multidisciplinary approaches should be applied, because computation by itself is
Figure 4: Modified IMO GBS concept with six tiers
not enough to solve such highly nonlinear problems, and testing is essential with large- and full-scale test models. Also, operations must be monitored to provide feedback to a service database relevant to the design stage. NA
Author Dr Jeom Kee Paik is a professor of the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Pusan National University in Busan, Korea. He serves as president of the Korea Ship and Offshore Research Institute and also as director of the Lloyd’s Register Foundation Research Centre of Excellence at the University. He is a fellow and council member of RINA, and a fellow and vice president of SNAME.
References [1] J.K. Paik and A.K. Tayamballi, Ultimate limit state design of steel-plated structures, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2003. [2] O.F. Hughes and J.K. Paik, Ship structural analysis and design, Te Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. [3] J.K. Paik and A.K. Thayamballi, Ship-shaped offshore installations: Design, Building, and operation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007. [4] J.K. Paik and R.E. Melchers, Condition assessment of aged structures, CRC Press, New York, USA, 2008.
24 The Naval Architect January 2015
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