Forms of consent Consent can be given verbally or in written form. Written consent should be obtained for complex treatments, participation in research programmes and in medical and dental clinical situations where patient understanding and explanation of risk requires clarifi cation and confi rmation. Written consent is recommended when the patient is to be sedated or anaesthetised and is a legal requirement in some cases (e.g. IVF).


An implied consent is not given verbally or in writing by a patient, but is understood from the circumstances surrounding the procedure or treatment (e.g. opening your mouth for a dental examination). All doctors and dentists rely on implied consent but it can represent risks. Obtaining consent is part of managing the patient’s expectations within a consultation. A question such as “Do you mind if I examine your ears?” is both reassuring to the patient and a part of ensuring verbal and implied consent.


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