Towards a green economy


List of figures Figure 1: Primary production supplies and their end products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Figure 2: Global material extraction in billion tonnes, 1900-2005. Industrial production drives most of the ores extraction, and significant parts of biomass and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Figure 3: Water demand in end-use by region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Figure 4: Discovery rate of oil trend, 1965-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Figure 5: Commodity metals price index, June 1990-May 2010 (2005 = 100), includes copper, aluminum, iron ore, tin, nickel, zinc, lead, and uranium price indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Figure 6: Relative contribution of material groups to environmental problems (EU27 + Turkey) . . . . . . . . 256 Figure 7: Global Relative Decoupling trends 1980-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Figure 8: Contribution to CO2


reductions from industry per type of measure – IEA model (2009b) . . . . . 271


Figure 9: Employment per manufacturing sector by 2050 in G2 and BAU scenarios (person per year) . . 271 Figure 10: Energy-related CO2


emissions per manufacturing sector by 2050 in G2 and BAU (tCO2 /year) 272 Figure 11: Energy costs per manufacturing sector by 2050 in G2 and BAU scenarios (US$/year) . . . . . . . . 272


List of tables Table 1: Global resource extractions, by major groups of resources and regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Table 2: Life expectancies of selected world reserves of metal ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Table 3: Cost of air pollution from sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds as a percentage of GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Table 4: Examples of major industrial accidents and related economic and social costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Table 5: Examples of investment and environmental returns from energy-efficiency initiatives in developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Table 6: Greenhouse gas emissions and structure of major manufacturing industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276


List of boxes Box 1: Steel production with higher components of recycled materials. Direct and indirect impacts on jobs. Estimation for the EU27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Box 2: Taxing plastic bags in an emerging market: the case of South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278


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