10

AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK 3 • Authors’ Guide

PART 3 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

BACKGROUND TO THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

The analytical framework to guide part II authors for the AEO-3 is a hybrid of the Opportunities framework as used in the AEO-2 report and the Drivers-Pressures-State- Exposure-Effects-Actions (DPSEEA) framework commonly used in health and environment assessments.

THE OPPORTUNITIES FRAMEWORK

Figure 1: Key elements of the DPSEEA Framework

Source: Corvalán C, Briggs D, Zielhuis G., (Eds). (2000). Decision-Making in Environmental Health: F

Evidence to Action. Geneva, W

orld Health Organization. rom

The Opportunities framework is an improvement of the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach that is widely used in many reporting processes in Africa. The major difference between the two is that the Opportunities framework includes a slant towards the opportunities that the environment provides for development. This approach focuses on looking at the potential opportunities for reducing poverty and promoting sustainable livelihoods. It starts by

Driving forces

e.g. Economic, political, social & institutional

Action Pressure

e.g. Resource depletion, waste release

Mainstream environment and health into economic development.

State

e.g. Degraded ecosystem services; pollution

Promote sustainable & equitable patterns of production/consumption.

Build capacity to monitor & manage waste & resources.

Exposure

e.g. Exposure and susceptibility to pollution & infections

Effect e.g. Morbidity & mortality Adapted from Corvalán C, Briggs D, Zielhuis G., eds. (21) Source: Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum

Monitor health; improve personal protection from pollution and infections.

Treatment; rehabilitation The DPSEEA framework

taking an inventory of existing resources and looking at trends in the recent past at the scale of interest (local, national, sub-regional or regional); and explaining why the observed trends have occurred.

THE DPSEEA FRAMEWORK

The DPSEEA framework allows for the mapping of a spectrum of environmental health issues. The framework adopts a linear or ‘chain’ approach to mapping environment and health issues from high-level cultural, political Drivers of environmental change to Pressures which modify the physical environment to produce an environment with defined characteristics (State). A particular environmental state will impact humans through varying amounts of Exposure resulting in certain health Effects. Societal responses are, in fact, Actions, applied at the Drivers, Pressures, State, Exposure and Effect levels as part of management efforts. The Actions are aimed at reducing the magnitude of the driving forces, the impact of the pressures, alterations to the state of environmental risks, exposure and effects. The DPSEEA framework is shown in Figure 1.

From a policy perspective, the Actions or responses can be mapped at any point along the DPSEEA framework chain. The Actions may seek to protect or repair a degraded environment, enhance environmental conservation measures or replicate good practices through lesson-learning. The DPSEEA framework recognizes that whether a particular aspect of the environment (a State) results in an Exposure for the individual and whether that exposure results in a health Effect (positive or negative), is influenced by the context. That context may be demographic, social, behavioural, cultural or genetic; and aspects of the context may also be targets for policy and action to improve the health outcome. The context to a large extent determines a society’s vulnerability and/or risk to environmental change. The CCs and sub-regional authors will ensure context issues and opportunities are adequately reflected in the reporting through contextualized analysis and case studies.