Schools Energy performance
either off or low power. It’s clear that lighting in schools
300
should have a default-to-off setting.
Gas total Year electricity kWh
Decentralising heating, ventilation and air
300
250
conditioning systems and zoning the building can
Gas total Year electricity kWh
make default-to-off easier to achieve. However, this may
200
250
have knock-on effects on capital cost and space needs.
300
Designers need to argue that the energy benefits may
200
justify higher capital costs and a different approach
150 Gas total Year electricity kWh
kWh/m² 250
to design.
It is often said that high energy consumption
100
150
kWh/m²
is caused by the behaviour of building occupants.
200
However, others have shown that decisions regarding
100
50
energy consumption are highly influenced by 150
assumptions of occupant behaviour. This is why
kWh/m²
50
0
designers should close the loop between design
100
School School School School School Good Typical
expectation and reality, if schools are to become truly
A B C D E practice
0
low-energy. Figure School1: Headline School Schoolgas and SchoolelectricitySchool Good Typical
50
In order to improve the internal environment to consumption
A B
figures
C
for five
D
academies.
E practice
ensure passive design features work properly, schools 140
are incorporating automatic windows and solar shades
0
School School School School School Good Typical
that respond to internal and external conditions. A
140
120
A B C D E practice
certain level of expertise and experience is required to
Server and
operate and maintain processes such as passive solar
100
specialist
120
computing
gain and natural ventilation.
Server and
This study showed that in all five academies
100
14080 C
specialist
atering
eletricity
computing
kWh/m²/y 120
60
80
Equipment
Catering
Server and
eletricity
The facilities managers often
kWh/m²/y
100
40
Lightingspecialist
60
computing
Equipment
felt they were not well prepared to
Fans, pumps,
40
80
20
C
and controls
Lighting
atering
operate the building management
eletricity
kWh/m²/y
system
600
C
Equipment
Fans, pumps, ooling
20
School School School School School
and controls
A B C D E
surveyed, the facilities management staff had little
40
Lighting
0
Cooling
School School School School School
relevant experience with building services. Only three
Fans, pumps,
20
A B C D E
of five facilities managers interviewed were able to
80
and controls
operate their building management system. In the
Figure 2: Breakdown of electricity consumption
Manual 1
by
70
0
Cooling
other two schools the systems were not optimised to
end-use in the five case-study academies. Manual 2
80
School School School School School
respond to changing requirements. This led to plant
A B C D E
Automatic
Manual 1
60
70 switching
overruns and less than optimum internal conditions.
Manual 2
Designers need to advise their clients on the likely
50
Automatic
60
80
operational and maintenance implications of the
Manual 1
switching
40
schools they are designing. If complex controls are
70
50
Manual 2
unavoidable, they should at least ensure that the client
30
40
Automatic
60
is well-prepared.
switching
Percentage of sample light on
20
The facilities managers often felt they were not 3050
well prepared to operate the building management
Percentage of sample light on
10
system. If these buildings are to perform as intended,
40
20
0
provision of training and suitable documentation must
30
10
be improved.
Overall, the POE studies of the five schools highlight
Percentage of sample light on
20
0
the need for an evaluation of such buildings’ continuous 00.00 to 04.0004.00 to 07.0007.00 to 10.00
10.00 to 12.0012.00 to 13.00
13.00 to 15.0015.00 to 17.00
17.00 to 19.0019.00 to 21.00
21.00 to 00.00
10
occupancy and usage. This process provides ongoing
feedback to designers, which helps them learn quickly
00.00 to 04.00
0
04.00 to 07.0007.00 to 10.00
10.00 to 12.0012.00 to 13.00
13.00 to 15.0015.00 to 17.00
17.00 to 19.0019.00 to 21.00
21.00 to 00.00
about how client requirements change – and which
improvements can be made to genuinely reduce energy
efficiency and create truly low-carbon buildings. l
00.00 to 04.0004.00 to 07.00
07.00 to 10.00
10.00 to 12.0012.00 to 13.00
13.00 to 15.0015.00 to 17.00
17.00 to 19.0019.00 to 21.00
21.00 to 00.00
Ian Pegg is a senior sustainability consultant at
Figure 3: Lighting frequency for manual and
Buro Happold. www.burohappold.com
automatic switching in two case-study buildings.
www.cibsejournal.com November 2009 CIBSE Journal 41
CIBSEnov09 pp38-41 poe.indd 41 22/10/09 17:12:59
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