controllEd sourcE ElEctromagnEtic rEsonancE 21
However, one significant limitation of towed streamer forefront of the development of robust, low maintenance
data is that it only records compressional P-wave data. PRM systems that are now commercially available.
Important additional information, such as fluid movement One final area that has garnered significant interest as
and variations in reservoir lithology, can be determined a possible direct hydrocarbon indicator is the presence
by recording the converted shear or S-wave. Shear waves of coherent anomalies in the background low frequency
can only be detected by geophones which are in direct seismic spectrum (1-6Hz). These anomalies have been
contact with the seafloor using ocean bottom seismic detected over a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs and
techniques. research is ongoing to determine if they are a diagnostic
These 4C multi-component systems have receivers feature that can be used in the future determination of as
consisting of a hydrophone and three orthogonally yet undiscovered reservoirs. This could potentially lead
orientated geophones; and increasingly conventional to further applications for low frequency ocean bottom
geophones are being replaced by micro-electro- passive seismic acquisition.
mechanical system (MEMS) devices that can record This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of
seismic signals with a significantly broader frequency Charles Darwin. His profound insight into the way life
content than was previously attainable. adapts over successive generations to challenges in the
environment is also applicable to the way our industry is
Permanent reservoir monitoring
evolving and will continue to develop in response to the
Permanent reservoir monitoring (PRM) is an area that challenges it faces.
is destined to expand significantly over the coming The natural selection of the best new technologies and
decades. Permanent systems installed to acquire Life of acquisition methods will play their part in the discovery
Field Seismic (LoFS) have obvious advantages over towed of new reserves and improving production from existing
seismic as regards repeatability and although initial fields. l
installation costs are high, these costs reduce significantly
over time as repeat surveys only require the deployment Enter 21 or ✔ at www.engineerlive.com/ihss
of a source vessel.
Early implementations in the mature oil provinces Dr Neil Grosse is Business Development Team Manager,
of the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico have demonstrated Geomotive Inc, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.
their potential and ne
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