REMOTE SENSING
Glossary
Image from the Ocean Plastics Polarisation Properties project, which aims to characterise polarisation signatures of plastic marine litter
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the SpexOne instrument, to be launched on the Nasa Pace platform, will provide polarisation parameters within the spectral range of 350nm to 770nm, with a 10- 40nm spectral resolution in five angular directions. Te Harp2 instrument, also to be launched on Pace, will provide polarisation parameters for four visible-NIR spectral bands at up to 60 viewing angles. Harmel said the main limitation for
proper implementation of these instruments for plastic litter monitoring is their coarse spatial resolution, which is more than a kilometre. Harmel’s project also investigates using portable or drone polarimeters.
Beyond plastic Professor Chan noted that it is only a matter of time before the new types of data captured and used as part of plastic marine litter monitoring projects will be disseminated and applied to areas never thought of before. ‘Due to its powerful spectral information,
there should be enormous potential. More detailed mapping of land surface materials will be possible and temporal hyperspectral analysis will become more conventional – even though it is a big challenge due to the high dimensionality of the data sets,’ he said. ‘Tere are already motivations to
incorporate such sensors in cubesats to deepen understanding of real-time emissions, temperature and so on. Tese are very active areas. Tere will certainly also be new applications related to climate change, green environment and sustainability related topics,’ he added. Elsewhere, Harmel observed a deeper
understanding of the way that light – and polarisation – interacts with plastic in the
‘I can imagine our library will be useful for industrial waste sorting… [to make it] more robust’
natural environment is a first step for global monitoring of polluted waters, from lakes and rivers to oceans. De Vries said it is likely that ongoing
research into hyperspectral imaging technology will contribute to the improved atmospheric correction of spectral satellite data over water bodies, which can also benefit other environmental monitoring domains, such as ocean colour sensing. ‘Te outcomes of the Spots study and all
its data will be made open access, so that industrial parties can also make use of it. I can imagine our library will be useful for industrial waste sorting, in that it could make industrial waste sorting more robust against dirty or wet plastics,’ he remarked. Jung at Cubert noted that, in terms of
the general translation of research moving forward, most of Cubert’s customers are scientists or researchers, but he definitely sees a growing share of OEM or industrial applications. ‘We see potential applications in life
sciences – including medicine, agriculture and food – because they need fast and spectrally accurate cameras,’ Jung added. ‘We are good at the identification of randomly moving objects from a randomly moving camera position; this is something which cannot be done by scanners.’ O
18 IMAGING AND MACHINE VISION EUROPE APRII/MAY 2022
• EnMap: Environmental mapping and analysis programme, a German hyperspectral satellite mission set to launch this year. • Hyperion: a hyperspectral imager (220 channels from visible to SWIR) onboard the Earth-Observing One satellite, which was decommissioned in 2017. • Landsat: Nasa’s Landsat programme provides the longest continuous space- based record of Earth’s land in existence. • Metop-SG: Meteorological Operational, Second Generation series of satellites, set to launch over the next two decades. The 3MI instrument, developed by Eumetsat as an improvement on Polder, will be onboard. • Muss2 project: Multi-model synthetic S2-HS (Sentinel 2-hyperspectral) data for marine-plastic debris characterisation. • OP3
project: Ocean plastics polarisation
properties, led by Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. • Pace satellite: Plankton, aerosol, cloud, ocean, ecosystem. A Nasa mission due to launch in 2023. It will house the SpexOne instrument, a multi-angle polarimeter, as well as the Harp2 polarimeter. • Parasol microsatellite: Polarisation and anisotropy of reflectances for atmospheric science, coupled with observations from a lidar. Launched by French agency CNES to look at how clouds and aerosols impact climate. Contains the Polder instrument: Polarisation and directionality of the Earth’s reflectances. The mission ended in 2013. • PlanetScope: a constellation of approximately 130 satellites, able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (a daily collection capacity of 200 million km²/day). • Prisma: Italian Space Agency medium- resolution hyperspectral imaging mission, launched in 2019. • Sentinel-2: a constellation of two polar-orbiting satellites housing a multispectral instrument. It is part of the European Earth observation programme, Copernicus, overseen by the European Space Agency. Seven Sentinel missions are in operation. • Spots project: Spectral properties of submerged and biofouled marine plastic litter. • Trace project: Detection and tracking of large marine litter based on high- resolution remote sensing time series, machine learning and ocean current modelling.
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