TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: ELECTRIFICATION
Global timeframes are short for vehicle electrification
Charging towards electricmobility
Dr Ben Black, principalmarket developmentmanager of Real-Time Test at National Instruments, discusses the disruptive technologies associated with vehicle electrification
requiring 8 per cent of new vehicles on the road to be “new energy” or zero emission in 2018, a huge growth over the current 2-3 per cent on the road today. The importance and growth of the hybrid
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and fully electric automobile industry cannot be overstated and Volvo has possibly taken the strongest stance of automotive manufacturers by pledging tomake only hybrid or fully electric cars by 2019 and committing to sellmore than 1million electric vehicles by 2025.
MORE THAN JUST EV/HEV Themove frominternal combustion to hybrid and then fully electric power plants represents only themost visible portion of the aggressive growth of power electronics systems in vehicles. Electrification applies just as significantly to vehicle subsystems. Just 10 years ago, a fullymechanical coupling between the steering wheel and the front wheels was not unusual. The same applies to other vehicle subsystems. The explosion of drive-by-wire
technology throughout themodern vehicle has changed this paradigm. A sensor, a remote actuator andmultiple control systems have replaced themechanical linkage. As the number of power electronics subsystems in the vehicle grows, the automobile itself begins to look like an
round the globe, governments are announcingmandates that will bring about the demise of the internal combustion engine. China has led the charge by
electricalmicrogrid with a common power bus connecting a growing list of sources and sinks of power, eachmanaged by an independent embedded control system.
THE IMPACT ON INFRASTRUCTURE The exponential growth in electrification and the impending end of internal combustion engines also represent a radical change in the infrastructure required to support the shift in vehicle power plants. A car with an internal combustion engine
requires roughly 10minutes to refuel for another 300miles or so. Yet even with a dedicated supercharger, a similar pit stop requires at least an hour for a fully electric vehicle to charge. Even for the slow recharge associated with a daily commute, charging hardware needs some thought. For homeowners, installing an overnight
charging stationmight be as simple as putting a high-current circuit in the garage, but this becomesmore complicated in bedsit land. If a car owner happens to live in a city and parks on the street, the concept of a home-charging stationmight be completely impossible. Looking at the future of vehicle
electrification fromthe perspective of the electrical utility, the cyclic demands based
on the daily workforce schedule combined with the high-loads of fast charging present incredible challenges for the electrical grid. If an entire workforce returns home at 5pm and plugs in its electric vehicles, this shifts the timing of peak demand on the grid and refocuses regional peak consumption from heating or cooling towards transport. The government-mandated trend of
electric vehicles directly leads to growth in the complexity of vehicles and indirectly leads to an immediate need for growth in infrastructure. The future of the automotive industry will drive the future of the grid, which will require smarter control systems. Turning this into reality represents a
truly interdisciplinary challenge to build safe and reliable control systems among other needs. To get tomarket quickly, this will require an increased reliance on real time test, production test and partners who have expertise building tools using a flexible, open platform.With the right tools, engineers can adapt to the disruptive technologies of vehicle electrification. EE
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December 2017 /// Environmental Engineering /// 41
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