Wellbeing in buildings


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Thermal wheels vs transmission of viruses


Ventilation specialist Swegon explores the benefits of properly constructed, installed and maintained rotary heat exchangers and busts a few myths with regards to virus transmission


A


s many countries across Europe are still operating under heavy restrictions, facilities managers may wish to take the opportunity


to review how their ventilation and air conditioning systems are operating in preparation for the re- opening of buildings. It is now widely understood that maximising


outdoor air, increasing air change rates and therefore effectively diluting the air inside a premises is the most effective way to minimise the risk of building occupation. However, one of the most asked questions we receive about building re-occupation is on the topic of rotary heat exchangers...


Rotary heat exchangers


The operating benefits of properly installed and maintained rotary heat exchangers (thermal wheels) should far outweigh any risks, particularly when air change rates can be so much higher when compared with many other ventilation strategies (such as opening windows, ‘split’ systems etc). Until recently, some guidance suggested that rotary heat exchangers were switched off or bypassed as a precaution during the COVID-19 pandemic because of fears about the potential of cross-contamination of supply and return airflows with virus laden droplets. In practice, this is was not a realistic recommendation for physical engineering reasons and would have no tangible impact on the amount of ‘return air’ being brought back into a room. The subsequent guidance from REHVA – the


Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations, Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and the UK’s Building Engineering Services Association (BESA) have clarified that rotary heat exchangers pose an


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extremely low risk of transferring viruses (including COVID-19) if they are “properly constructed, installed and maintained”. REHVA said rotors should not be switched off


because the leakage rate is not influenced by whether they are rotating or not. In fact, normal operation


of rotary systems was a good way to allow outside air to be brought into the building to maintain air change rates, which will reduce the concentration and potential transmission of virus laden water droplets, according to the guidance. Bypassing makes it difficult to achieve levels of


comfort cooling for occupants during summer months – or to meet heating requirements in the winter months. There are also effects on the planet (thanks to the increased energy consumption) and the building owner, who will experience increased energy bills having missed out on the considerable energy efficiency benefits of this heating and cooling recovery, unless the systems are returned to normal operation. REHVA said properly operating and maintained thermal wheels would have similar leakage rates to plate heat exchangers i.e. below 2%. “Under certain conditions virus particles in extract air can re-enter the building…[but] there is no evidence that virus-bearing particles starting from 0.1 micron would be an object of carry over leakage,” states REHVA’s updated guidance. Properly designed, constructed, installed and maintained rotary heat exchangers have almost zero transfer of droplet bound pollutants including air-borne bacteria, viruses and fungi. It is known that the carry-over leakage is highest at low airflow, thus higher ventilation rates are recommended. Not only does this benefit the carry-over leakage, most guidance suggests that using the maximum ventilation rates and outdoor air also has the desirable effect of ‘diluting’ any virus droplets in the air, therefore lowering the risk of airborne transmission of a virus in an indoor space. To prevent the rotor from transporting air from the extract to the supply a purging sector should be fitted. The function of the purging sector requires that the


 January 2021


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