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ROCK TUNNELLING | ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION - REVIEW


● Guo, S., Qi, S. & Saroglou, C. (2020) ‘A-BQ, a classification system for anisotropic rock mass based on China National Standard’. J Cent South Univ 27:3090–3102. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11771-020-4531-7


● Hansagi, I. (1965) ‘Numerical determination of mechanical properties of rock and of rock masses’. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 2:219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148- 9062(65)90014-8


● Hoek, E. & Brown, E.T. (1997) ‘Practical estimates of rock mass strength’. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34:1165–1186.


● Jakubec, J. & Laubscher, D.H. (2000) ‘The MRMR rock mass rating classification system in mining practice’. MassMin 2000 Proceedings, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.


● Ji, Z., Li, J., Zhang, X. & Song, Z. (2023) ‘A quantitative assessment method for the correlation between rock mass basic quality and Protodyakonov coefficient. Front Earth Sci. https://doi. org/10.3389/feart. 2023.1249866


● Laubscher, D.H. (1977) ‘Geomechanics classification of jointed rock masses: mining applications’. Inst. Min. Metall., Trans., Sect. A; (United Kingdom) 86.


● Lauffer, H. (1958) Gebirgsklassifizierung für den Stollenbau. Geologie und Bauwesen 24:46–51.


● Lin, Y. (1998) ‘An introduction of the Chinese standard for engineering classification of rock masses’ (GB50218 - 94):317– 327. https:// doi.org/10.1142/9789812839640_0029


● Mathews, K., Hoek, E., Wyllie, D.C. & Stewart, S. (1981) ‘Prediction of stable excavation spans for mining at depths below 1000 meters in hard rock’. CANMET Library & Documentation Services Division.


● McFeat-Smith, I. & Harman, K. (2004) ‘IMS risk evaluation system for financing and insuring tunnel projects’. Tunn Undergr Space Tech- no l 19:334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.01.030


● Medhurst, T. & Hatherly, P. (2005) ‘Geotechnical strata characterization using geophysical borehole logs’. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 2-4 August 2005, pp 179–186.


● Molinda, G.M. & Mark, C. (1994) Coal mine roof rating (CMRR): a practical rock mass classification for coal mines. U.S. DoI, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 9387:83.


● NS-EN ISO 14689:2018 (2018) Geotechnical investigation and testing: Identification, description and classification of rock. Standard Norge.


● ÖGG (2023) Richtlinie Geotechnische Planung von Untertagebauten Zyklischer und kontinuierlicher Vortrieb: Gebirgscharakterisierung und Vorgangsweise zur nachvollziehbaren Festlegung von bautechnischen Maßnahmen während der Planung und Bauausführung.


● ÖNORM B 2203 (1975) Untertagebauarbeiten. Österreichisches Normungsinstitut.


● Palmstrøm, A. (1995) ‘RMi-A rock mass characterization system for rock engineering purposes’. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo.


● Pells, P.J., Bieniawski, Z.T., Hencher, S.R. & Pells, S.E. (2017) ‘Rock quality designation (RQD): time to rest in peace. Can Geotech J 54:825– 834. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0012


● Protodyakonov, M. (1926) ‘Materials for a fixed position of mining operations: Part I. Mining operations’. Publication of the TsK of Miners Rabcewicz LV (1957) Die Ankerung im Tunnelbau ersetzt


bisher gebräuchliche Einbaumethoden. Schweizerische Bauzeitung: 123–131. https://doi.org/10.5169/SEALS-63315


● Rabcewicz, L.V. (1957) ‘Die Ankerung im Tunnelbau ersetzt bisher gebräuchliche Einbaumethoden’. Schweizerische Bauzeitung: 123–131. https://doi.org/10.5169/SEALS-63315


● Reinhold, C., Schwarz, C. & Bergmeister, K. (2017) ‘Development of holistic prognosis models using exploration techniques and seismic prediction’. Geomechanik und Tunnelbau 10:767–778. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.201700058


● Riedmüller, G. & Schubert, W. (1999) ‘Critical comments on quantitative rock mass classifications’. Felsbau 17:164–167.


● Ritter, W. (1879) ‘Die statik der tunnelgewölbe’. J. Springer, Berlin. ● Robertson, A.M. (1988) ‘Estimating weak rock strength’. Society of Mining Engineering (ed) Proceedings of the SME Annual Meeting, pp 1–5.


● Romana, M. (1985) ‘New adjustment ratings for application of Bieniawski classification to slopes’. Proceedings of International Symposium on the Role of Rock Mechanics, pp 49–53.


● Saroglou, C., Qi, S., Guo, S. & Wu, F. (2019) ‘ARMR, a new classification system for the rating of anisotropic rock masses. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:3611–3626. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10064-018-1369-4


● Selby, M.J. (1980) ‘A rock mass strength classification for geomorphic purposes: with tests from Antarctica and New Zealand’. zfg 24:31– 51. https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg/24/1984/31


● SIA 197 (2023) Projektierung Tunnel - Grundlagen. SIA. ● Skretting, E., Erharter, G.H. & Chiu, J.K.Y. (2023) ‘Virtual reality- based uncertainty assessment of rock mass characterization of tunnel faces’. Proceedings of 15th ISRM Congress 2023 & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium, Austria.


● Stini, J. (1950) Tunnelbaugeologie. Springer, Vienna. ● Taheri, A. & Tani, K. (2007) ‘Rock slope design using slope stability rating (SSR)‚ application and field verifications. The 1st Canada– U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium, pp 215–221. https://doi.org/ 10.1201/NOE0415444019-c27


● Terzaghi, K. (1946) ‘Rock defects and loads on tunnel supports: introduction to rock tunnelling with steel supports’.


● Tomás, R., Delgado, J. & Serón, J.B. (2007) ‘Modification of slope mass rating (SMR) by continuous functions’. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44:1062–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.02.004


● Ünal, E. (1996) ‘Modified rock mass classification: M-RMR system. Milestones in rock engineering: The Bieniawski jubilee collection’. Rotterdam, Balkema, pp 203–223.


● Walker, D., DeBruyn, I. (2006) ‘Geotechnical blockiness index: a systematic geotechnical mapping method for underground and open pit mines’. Proceedings of 7th Australia–New Zealand Young Geotechnical Professionals Conference.


● Wickham, G.E., Tiedemann, H.R. & Skinner, E.H. (1972) ‘Support determinations based on geologic predictions’. RETC 1972 Proc, pp 43–64


● The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship, 2016. Sci Data 3:160018. https://doi.org/10.1038/ sdata.2016.18


● Zhang, P., Yin, Z-Y. & Jin, Y-F. (2021) ‘State-of-the-art review of machine learning applications in constitutive modeling of soils’. Arch Comput Methods Eng 28:3661–3686. https://doi. org/10.1007/ s11831-020-09524-z


24 | June 2025


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