or poorly conductive brain neural pathways presenting interferences in the young child’s efficient brain functioning that may be reflected in observable difficulties. Could this also pertain to stuttering? These faulty neurons, however, are gradually eliminated, a biological process known as neural pruning. More than 20 years ago, neural pruning was offered by Yairi and Ambrose (2005) as a possible explanation of a biologically-based natural recovery from stuttering.
Finally, important information about persistent stuttering may be uncovered by studying upper age groups — people who have stuttered for many years into advanced ages. Perhaps they exhibit more pronounced characteristics that reveal differences not easily identifiable in the typical child or young adult who stutters. All-in-all, the above notes serve to highlight the role of age in the onset and development of stuttering research, gender distribution, awareness and emotional components, natural recovery data, clinical evaluation and prognosis, and more. Although knowledge is accumulating, much remains to be learned.
REFERENCES
Ambrose, N., & Yairi, E. (1994). The development of awareness of stuttering in preschool children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 19, 229-245.
Seery, C., Watkins, R., Mangelsdorf, S., & Shigeto, A. (2007). Subtyping stuttering Il: Contributions from language and temperament. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32, 197-217.
SheikhBahaei, S., Millwater, M., & Maguire, G. A. (2023). Stuttering as spectrum disorder: A hypothe- sis. Current research in neurobiology. 5, 100116.
https://doi.org/10.1016(
j.crneur.2023.100116
Spencer, C., & Weber-Fox, C. (2014). Preschool speech articulation and nonword repetition abilities may help predict eventual recovery or persistence of stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 41, 32- 46.
Walsh, B., Christ, S., & Weber, C. (2021). Exploring Relationships Among Risk Factors for Persistence in Early Childhood Stuttering. Journal Of Speech, Lan- guage, And Hearing Research, 64(8), 2909-2927.
https://doi.org/10.1044/2021 JSLHR-21-00034
Watkins, R., Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N.G. (1999). Early childhood stuttering Ill: Initial status of expressive language abilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 1125-1135.
Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1999). Early childhood stuttering I:
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by Ehud Yairi, Ph.D., University of Illinois 5
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