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Global household data on inequality


New research using household expenditure surveys gives a fresh perspective on world inequality between 1890 and the 1960s. In the first study of its kind, researchers identified 1,300 household surveys worldwide carried out between the 1880s and 1960s. Of these, 500 provided data suitable for the study of inequality in 46 countries. Previous analysis based on national accounts and various proxy measures of inequality pointed to falling inequality in the first half of the 20th century in advanced industrial countries. The new household expenditure data, however, provides evidence of roughly stable levels of inequality in the UK and Europe, once appropriate


adjustments have been made for changes in sampling methodology. While in Latin America, this household level data suggest less of an increase in inequality than previously thought. “These new household expenditure data provide important insights into the time-path of inequality than had previously been possible,” says Professor Ian Gazeley. n


i Contact Professor Ian Gazeley, University


of Sussex Email i.s.gazeley@sussex.ac.uk Web www.sussex.ac.uk/globalinequality Telephone 0203 0738332 ESRC Grant Number ES/L002523/1


Classical musicians face wide-ranging inequalities


musicians in Germany and the UK. Findings show, for example, that in 2014 less than 2% of 629 orchestra players could be identified to be from a black or minority ethnic background. In the same year only 1.4 % of the UK’s orchestra conductors and 2.9% of artistic/musical directors were female. In the five-year project, Dr Christina


I


Scharff, Senior Lecturer in Culture, Media and Creative Industries at King’s College, London explored not only ongoing gender, racial and class inequalities, but wider questions such as what it is like to work as a classical musician today and what happens when musicians become entrepreneurial and


nequalities in the classical music profession are wide-ranging and persistent, says a recent study of the working lives of classical


think of themselves as a product that needs to be sold and marketed. Recommendations to tackle these inequalities range from ensuring that the issue is discussed more openly, to structural solutions (blind auditions and quotas), informal methods such as mentoring schemes, and professional development courses aimed at under-represented groups, as well as campaigns that critique the sexualisation of female musicians and focus on attitude change. n


i Contact Dr Christina Scharff, King’s


College London Email christina.scharff@kcl.ac.uk Web www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/cmci/ people/academic/scharff/index.aspx Telephone 020 7848 1854 ESRC Grant Number ES/K008765/1


FIRST-TIME VOTERS Voting in the first two elections of a person’s life is likely to lead to a lifetime of voting, while abstaining in both may lead to chronic abstention, research suggests. The First and Foremost project aims to explore the experience of citizens’ first vote and the psychological, institutional, and contextual factors that impede or improve their participation and their likelihood of voting in future. ESRC grant number ES/S000100/1


LINGUISTIC EVOLUTION All languages have a systematic structure which allows us to communicate our thoughts. Where does this linguistic structure come from? Do the origins lie in the way humans think, or are the structures we find in languages the result of cultural processes like interaction and learning? Researchers will use multi-modal experiments to take a new look at the mechanisms that create structured languages. ESRC grant number ES/R011869/1


UNCERTAIN OUTCOMES Every day we are confronted with uncertainty about the outcome of future events. Excessive stress in response to uncertainty is common in anxiety disorders. A new study will explore how individuals with high intolerance to uncertainty (IU) differ from those low in IU when faced with uncertainty. Findings will help in the design of interventions to treat anxiety disorders. ESRC grant number ES/R011451/1


SUMMER 2011 SOCIETY NOW 5 WINTER 2018


IN BRIEF


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