NEUROPATHOLOGY


expanded both the scope and significance of professional practice.


PPi


References 1 Price M, Ballard C, Benedeti J et al. CBTRUS


statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumours diagnosed in the United States in 2017–2021. Neuro Oncol. 2024 Oct 6;26(Suppl 6):vi1-vi85. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noae145.


2 Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ et al; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):987–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043330.


3 Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231–1251. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.


4 Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19;360(8):765–73. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808710.


5 Hanahan D. Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions. Cancer Discov. 2022 Jan;12(1):31–46. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1059.


6 Quail DF, Joyce JA. The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors. Cancer Cell. 2017 Mar 13;31(3):326-341. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009.


7 Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K et al. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy. Nat Med. 2018 May;24(5):541–550. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x.


8 Doudna JA, Charpentier E. Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213): 1258096. doi: 10.1126/science.1258096.


9 Begagić E, Bečulić H, Đuzić N et al. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Therapy for Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review. Biomedicines. 2024 Jan 21;12(1):238. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010238.


Suggested further reading Aldape K, Brindle KM, Chesler L, et al.


Challenges to curing primary brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019 Aug;16(8):509–520. doi: 10.1038/s41571-019-0177-5. Bady P, Delorenzi M, Hegi ME. Sensitivity Analysis of the MGMT-STP27 Model and Impact of Genetic and Epigenetic Context to Predict the MGMT Methylation Status in Gliomas and Other Tumors. J Mol Diagn. 2016 May;18(3):350–361. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.11.009. Brat DJ, Aldape K, Colman H et al. cIMPACT-NOW update 3: recommended


The Walton Centre serves a population of approximately 3.5 million people and represents one of the largest specialist neuroscience centres in the United Kingdom.


diagnostic criteria for “Diffuse astrocytic glioma, IDH-wildtype, with molecular features of glioblastoma”. Acta Neuropathol. 2018 Nov; 136(5):805–810. doi: 10.1007/s00401-018-1913-0. Brat DJ, Aldape K, Colman H et al. cIMPACT-NOW update 5: recommended grading criteria and terminologies for IDH-mutant astrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 Mar;139(3):603–608. doi: 10.1007/s00401-020-02127-9. Capper D, Jones DTW, Sill M et al. DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours. Nature. 2018 Mar 22;555(7697):469–474. doi: 10.1038/nature26000. Capper D, Stichel D, Sahm F et al. Practical implementation of DNA methylation and copy-number-based CNS tumor diagnostics: the Heidelberg experience. Acta Neuropathol. 2018 Aug;136(2):181–210. doi: 10.1007/s00401-018-1879-y. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1061–8. doi: 10.1038/nature07385. Corrigendum in: Nature. 2013 Feb 6;494(7438):506. doi: 10.1038/nature11903. Ceccarelli M, Barthel FP, Malta TM et al. Molecular profiling reveals biologically discrete subsets and pathways of progression in diffuse glioma. Cell. 2016 Jan 28; 164(3):550–63. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.028. Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM et al. Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, IDH and TERT promoter mutations in tumours.


32 WWW.PATHOLOGYINPRACTICE.COM August 2026


N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 25;372(26): 2499–508. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407279. Hambardzumyan D, Gutmann DH, Ketenmann H. The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Jan;19(1):20– 27. doi: 10.1038/nn.4185. Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):997–1003. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043331. Neftel C, Laffy J, Filbin MG et al. An integrative model of cellular states, plasticity and genetics for glioblastoma. Cell. 2019 Aug 8;178(4):835–849. e21. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.024. Suvà ML, Tirosh I. The glioma stem cell model in the era of single-cell genomics. Cancer Cell. 2020 May 11;37(5):630-636. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.001. Weller M, van den Bent M, Preusser M et al. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021 Mar;18(3):170–186. doi: 10.1038/s41571-020-00447-z. Woroniecka K, Chongsathidkiet P, Rhodin K et al. T-cell exhaustion signatures vary with tumor type and are severe in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Sep 1;24(17):4175–4186. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1846.


Eleanor Crossland currently works as a trainee biomedical scientist in the neuropathology department at The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust in Liverpool.


Rept0n1x / CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56