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Antimicrobial resistance


antimicrobial use in Ferrara University Hospital, Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 75. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12879-020-4791-8.


4 Bassetti S, Tschudin-Sutter S, Egli A et al. Optimizing antibiotic therapies to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2022: 7–12.


5 Stewardson AJ, Allignol A, Beyersmann J et al. The health and economic burden of bloodstream infections caused by antimicrobial-susceptible and non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in European hospitals, 2010 and 2011: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Euro Surveill. 2016; 21(33): 30319.


6 Loveday H, Wilson J, Pratt R et al. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare- associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2014. doi:10.1016/S0195- 6701(13)60012-2.


7 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Infection prevention and control. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/ Guidance/QS61. Last accessed: March 2023.


8 Infection Prevention Society. High Impact Interventions: Care processes to prevent infection. Available at: www.ips.uk.net/ resources/file/IPS-R-4ARU96OBKN4I4WY. Last accessed: March 2023.


9 NHS England. Improving the blood culture pathway – executive summary. 2022. Available at: B0686- improving-the-blood-culture- pathway--executive-summary.pdf (england. nhs.uk). Last accessed: March 2023.


10 Edgeworth J, Batra R, Wulff J et al. Reductions in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile Infection and Intensive Care Unit–Acquired Bloodstream Infection Across the United Kingdom Following Implementation of a National Infection Control Campaign. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020; 70(12): 2530–2540. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ ciz720.


11 Rudd KE et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: online supplement. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10219): 200-211.


12 The UK Sepsis Trust. About the Charity. Available at: https://sepsistrust.org/about/about-the- charity/#:~:text=Our%20Mission,affected%20 by%20this%20devastating%20condition. Last accessed: March 2023.


13 McGregor C. Improving time to antibiotics and implementing the “Sepsis 6”. BMJ Quality Improvement Reports. 2014. doi: 10.1136/ bmjquality.u202548.w1443.


14 Martinez M, Plata-Menchaca E, Ruiz-Rodriguez J et al. An approach to antibiotic treatment in patients with sepsis. Journal of Thoracic


32 www.clinicalservicesjournal.com I April 2023 Disease. 2020; 12(3): 1007-1021.


15 The UK Sepsis Trust. About the Charity. Available at: https://sepsistrust.org/about/about-the- charity/#:~:text=Our%20Mission,affected%20 by%20this%20devastating%20condition. Last accessed: March 2023.


16 Susan Aitkenhead and Sarah Dodds. Beating sepsis with early detection and prompt treatment. NHS England. 2018. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/blog/beating- sepsis-with-early-detection-and- prompt- treatment/. Last accessed: March 2023.


17 Sinha M, Jupe J, Mack H, et al. Emerging Technologies for Molecular Diagnosis of Sepsis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2018. 28;31(2).


18 Public Health England. UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations. 2019. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/979833/ B_37i8.2.pdf. Last accessed: March 2023.


19 Labib A. Sepsis Care Pathway 2019. Qatar Medical Journal. 2020; 2019(2).


20 Infection Management Coalition. Infection Management Coalition White Paper. Available at: https://theimc.org/. Last accessed: March 2023.


21 International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium. COVID-19 Report: 06 May 2020. 2020. Available at: https:// media.tghn.org/medialibrary/2020/05/ISARIC_ Data_Platform_COVID- 19_Report_6MAY20.pdf. Last accessed: March 2023.


22 Cong W, Stuart B, AIhusein N et al. MDPI. Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Infection in COVID-19 Patients in the Second Phase of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(8): 991. https://doi. org/10.3390/antibiotics11080991.


23 Department of Health and Social Care. Test and trace in England – progress update. National Audit Office. 2021. Available at: https://www. nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Test- and-trace-in-England- progress-update.pdf.


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24 GOV.UK. New Lighthouse Labs to boost NHS Test and Trace capacity. Department of Health and Social Care. 2020. Available at: https://www.gov. uk/government/news/new-lighthouse-labs- to-boost-nhs-test-and-trace- capacity. Last accessed: March 2023.


25 GOV.UK. G7 Finance Ministers’ Statement on Actions to Support Antibiotic Development. 2021. Available at: AMR_-_G7_Finance_Ministers_ statement_on_supporting_antibiotic_ development_-_final_-_13_Dec_2021.pdf (publishing.service.gov.uk). Last accessed: October 2022.


26 GOV.UK. Rapid Review Panel. Available at: https:// www.gov.uk/government/groups/rapid-review- panel. Last accessed: March 2023.


About the author


Greg joined BD as director of public policy & advocacy for UK & Ireland in 2016. He is a registered nurse (RNLD) with experience of NHS general hospital and community services management, and UK-wide External Audit. Greg advocates partnership working to deliver better services for the patient, through prioritising safety, value and the sustainable delivery of healthcare.


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