NUTRITION ▶▶▶
Carbohydrase and its impact on performance
The aim of modern pig production is to optimise performance and gain, while seeking a more sustainable way of production. With feed taking up the lion’s share of production costs, it makes sense to get the most out of what is fed. An enzyme can help optimise feed usage – and multiple enzymes can reinforce each other.
BY MARCIO CECCANTINI, GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL SUPPORT DIRECTOR ON FEED DIGESTIBILITY, ADISSEO FRANCE
O
79.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0 85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0
50 Source: Sun et al, 2019b 30 60 70 80
f all enzymes used, phytases and carbohydrases are the most regularly added to pig diets. Phytase degrades phytate, releasing phosphorus and avoiding the formation of complexes with
proteins and minerals, which in turn improves digestibility and increases nutrient absorption, significatively decreasing phosphorus excretion. Phytases are already well described; this article focuses more on the carbohydrases, or enzymes able to cut car- bohydrates into simpler sugars, and their combined effect with phytase. The most well-known carbohydrase is
Figure 1 - The addition of feedase increases gross energy digestibility in diets with increasing arabinoxylan content. +62 kJ/kg
+230 kJ/kg
without enzyme with enzyme
+355 kJ/kg
xylanase, which acts on certain arabinoxylans. For pigs con- suming a cereal and soya-based diet, supplementing a multienzyme complex has proven to be very useful. A multienzyme complex consisting of different types of en- zymes, for instance a multicarbohydrase plus a phytase complex (MCPC), can better improve the global digestibility of feed and therefore increase the energy and amino acids release.
Using combinations of carbohydrases Carbohydrases in pig production are important because pigs are not well able to degrade the fibre structures pres- ent in plant cell walls, in particular non-starch polysaccha- rides (NSPs). Soluble NSPs, including β-glucans and arabi- noxylans, affect the viscosity of the digesta, reducing the ability of digestive enzymes to reach their target substrate and in turn affecting nutrient absorption. Insoluble NSPs re- duce the general digestibility of the diet, increasing the loss of nutrients. An example of this is a multicarbohydrase com- plex, useful as a solution to the aforementioned NSPs. They are known to degrade several complex β-glucans and arabi- noxylans found in cereals – reducing their antinutritional ef- fects. Its addition to pig diets has been shown to increase the digestibility of protein and dry matter in a more consist- ent way. It is not hard to imagine the opportunities when the following carbohydrases are used together: • Debranching enzymes like arabinofuranosidases im- prove the enzymatic activity of carbohydrases on the arab- inose side chains of arabinoxylans, which are the most com- mon type of fibre in wheat and corn (7.3% and 4.7% of dry matter, respectively).
• β-glucanases in lower proportion for common diets also bring an extra factor to reinforce the consistency of the results.
• As a result of the first two modes of action, xylanases have better access to the xylose backbone for hydrolysis.
90 100 Total arabinoxylan content, g/kg 110 120 130
The synergistic activity of these enzymes means that NSP breakdown is increased and the antinutritional effects re- duced, improving the digestion process and boosting the overall efficiency of the diet. The overall outcome of combining enzymes is what Adisseo has come to describe as the “Feedase effect”, that is, the effect on digestibility by several exogenous enzymes used simulta-
▶ PIG PROGRESS | Volume 37, No. 1, 2021
Gross energy digestibility, %
PHOTO: TWAN WIERMANS
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