that contour maps to illustrate pollen gene flow from source to sink can be generated.


“The data consists of assays of 37,000 individual seeds for a marker gene, collected at distances up to 200 meters from the source plants in two different years. The data was used to develop the equations (based on diffusion) including a provision to allow for ‘scout’ bees that travel further than the average foraging bee.


“The model explains the effects of different sizes of pollen source and sink blocks, and factors such as the effects of buffer rows between blocks. “Most interesting to me is that bees can pollinate (with very low frequency) up to a kilometer or two, but only if there is no competing pollen from another source—a trap plant scenario. On the other hand, pollen from a small source (a circle one meter in diameter) in the midst of a very large sink results in pollen gene flow detectable at only 0.3 meters. This is because of the overwhelming competition from the massive sink pollen population.” Lane says this model, other research papers on pollination and commercial experience indicate pollen gene flow to be undetectable in all but the most unusual circumstances, “certainly so if conditions such as barrier rows are applied.”


“It is interesting to note that one contaminated apple seed in a million is the equivalent of one seed in 200 bins of apples—in practical terms, undetectable,” said Lane.


There also have been concerns that growers could lose the ability to ship to the Okanagan Tree Fruit Cooperative (OTFC) because its Grower On-Farm Food Safety Manual, based on CanadaGAP criteria, states that OTFC doesn’t receive, pack or market GM products. However, Okanagan Specialty Fruits counters that CanadaCAP imposes no restrictions on GM that have been federally approved, “and this permutation of the GAP process suggesting otherwise is self-imposed by the OTFC.”


“No certification criteria limit the planting of GM apples. In fact, this same manual confirms this by saying, ‘Growers must only buy commodity starter product such as trees, rootstocks and plants with novel traits approved to be grown in Canada for food use.’ (In Canada, crops developed through the use of


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