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Vol. 12 No. 4 DEVELOPMENT TEAM


Vice President and Publisher: Francis Downey


Art Director and Designer: Karen Thompson Editors: Brenna Maloney Macon Morehouse Shira Evans Digital Editor: Shelby Alinsky Programmer: Meng Wei Media Editor: Shannon Hibberd Permissions Editor: Jean Cantu Production Specialist: Dreama Karnes-Bynane


Research Manager: Christina An Manufacturing Manager: Nicole Elliott


PUBLISHED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING Coming in March


Beetle Quest: Join an expert to explore the world of beetles.


Night Shift: Discover why some fl owers bloom only at night.


Weird Wonders: Travel the world to see how powerful forces shape Earth.


PICTURE CREDITS COVER: PHOTO 24/GETTY IMAGES; COVER LOGO (BIRD) ZZVET/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; COVER LOGO (CLOCK) SOCIOLOGAS/SHUT- TERSTOCK.COM; COVER LOGO (GLACIER) MKWORLD PHOTOGRAPHY/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGES 2-3 TIM LAMAN/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC STOCK; PAGES 4, 9 (FEATHER) VECTOR LART/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 4 (BOTTOM) © TIM LAMAN; PAGE 5 (TOP) © PHIL SAVOIE/NPL/MINDEN PICTURES; PAGE 5 (BOTTOM) TIM LAMAN/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC STOCK; PAGE 6 (TOP) GAVRIEL JECAN/ GETTY IMAGES; PAGE 6 (BOTTOM) © KONRAD WOTHE/MINDEN PICTURES; PAGE 7 (TOP) © RICHARD KIRBY/NATUREPL.COM; PAGE 7 (BOTTOM) ERIC LAFFORGUE/GAMMA-RAPHO VIA GETTY IMAGES; PAGE 8 (TOP) © TIM LAMAN; PAGE 8 (BOTTOM) © H. BREHM/AGE FOTOSTOCK; PAGE 9 (TOP) © NICK GARBUTT/NATUREPL.COM; PAGE 10 (CAMERA) PHANT/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 10 (GRAMO- PHONE) ARTEM EFIMOV/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 10 (WATCH) ALEX ROZ/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGES 10-11 (GEARS) SOLNTCA/ SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 11 (TOOTHBRUSH) VLADYSLAV DANILIN/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 11 (ZIPPER) KOYA979/SHUTTER- STOCK.COM; PAGE 12 ALEX ROZ/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 13 (LEFT) CRAIG BARHORST/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 13 (RIGHT) © GINO’S PREMIUM IMAGES/ALAMY; PAGE 14 (CHICKEN) ALEXANDER POTAPOV/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 14 (GLASSES) ED WELCH ANTIQUES, LLC; PAGE 14 (LIGHT BULB) © DYLAN MARTINEZ/REUTERS/CORBIS; PAGE 15 (TOP) ELNUR/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 15 (BOTTOM) LOANNIS PANTZI/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGES 16-17 © FRANK KRAHMER/CORBIS; PAGES 18-22 (BACKGROUND) DAR’YA LYUTSKEVYCH/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; PAGE 18 MICHELE KOPPES; PAGE 19 © PAUL SOUDERS/CORBIS; PAGE 20 (LEFT) © T.KENT MEARIG/AGE FOTOSTOCK; PAGES 20-21 © ACCENT ALASKA.COM/ALAMY; PAGE 21 (LEFT) © ARCO/B. LAMM/AGE FOTOSTOCK; PAGE 21 (RIGHT) © ALASKA STOCK/ALAMY; PAGE 22 © BLICKWINKEL/ALAMY; PAGE 23 JAMES BALOG/AURORA PHOTOS; PAGE 24 C.L. CHANG/ SHUTTERSTOCK.COM.


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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER (ISSN 1541-3357) is published seven times during the school year—September, October, November– December, January–February, March, April, May— by National Geographic Learning, 1125 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036. Postmaster: Please send address changes to NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER, PO Box 4002865, Des Moines, IA 50340–0597. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offi ces.


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Cover: Victoria crowned pigeon ISBN: 9781285492223


12/12/QGL/1


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Find your online Teacher’s Guide, interactive whiteboard lessons, and projectable editions at ngpathfinder.org. (Note: The Teacher’s Guide and activity masters can be printed on either black and white or color printers.)


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