aircraft for situation awareness, but there’s no guidance on avoiding action to take, that’s down to the pilot’s judgement. For conflict detection, the TSAA function in the Trig device is the most advanced. Not only does it work out which other aircraft is a threat, it announces this in the form of a call-out such as “Traffic, left 3 o’clock, ½ mile, 100ft above”, immediately drawing the pilot’s eyes out of the cockpit to look for the threat aircraft, rather than peering inside to interpret a small display.


EVA CONCLUSIONS EVA has demonstrated the potential of 1090MHz electronic conspicuity and mutual interoperability between different 1090MHz devices. Reception of LPAT and NATS GPS trial


ADS-B-out data from the Brimpton flights has also shown the capability of ground surveillance to detect and track low power ADS-B 1090MHz transmissions and may support airfield traffic awareness. EVA has also developed pilot guidance


on cockpit use of EC equipment. A few points to remember are: ■ Alerted Visual Scan using such equipment is up to eight times more effective for visual acquisition than unalerted scan. ■ Pilots usually overestimate their capability to see other aircraft. In good VFR conditions, 2nm is the maximum normal acquisition range and it can be much less. EVA measurements support this. ■ At present, few aircraft transmit 1090MHz ADS-B. Electronic conspicuity will not realise its full potential until the majority of aircraft are equipped with mutually interoperable equipment. Even then it’s


GLOSSARY


■ ATSOCAS – Air Traffic Services Outside Controlled Airspace.


■ CAP1391 – Electronic Conspicuity Devices, CAA 23 March 2016.


■ EASA – European Aviation Safety Agency. ■ EUROCAE – European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment.


■ FLARM – Flight Alarm. Classic FLARM uses an unregulated frequency. Power FLARM also receives 1090MHz ADS-B-out.


■ GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite System. Generic term for all satellite positioning system constellations including GPS, GLONASS and Galileo.


■ GPS trial ADS-B out – see NATS Report ‘General Aviation: ADS-B/GPS Trial Results, Dec 2015’.


■ LPAT – Low Power ADS-B Transceiver. NATS-Funke prototype development.


■ RTCA – U.S. equivalent to EUROCAE. ■ SESAR – Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research Programme. European Programme of more than 2bn Euro over more than a decade with the objective of improving safety and efficiency and reducing operating costs of aviation in Europe. The focus of SESAR is now the SESAR 2020 Programme, building on the work of the ongoing SESAR 1.


■ SPI IR – Surveillance Performance and Interoperability Implementing Rule. Regulatory requirements framework for European Aviation surveillance systems and equipment.


■ TSAA – Traffic Situation Awareness with Alerts. EUROCAE/ RTCA standard. ED-232/DO-348.


Plots showing signal continuity of LPATs in PA-28s


only an aid and a good visual scan will remain the principal means to avoid conflict.


NEXT STEPS Power FLARM and Pilot Aware are both partial solutions to See, BE SEEN and Avoid on 1090MHz. There are as yet no complete solutions capable of both ADS-B-in and ADS-B-out on 1090MHz that are affordable for most GA pilots. CAP 1391 has opened the door for low


cost 1090MHz transmitting devices which can lead to affordable complete solutions. What’s more, 1090MHz EC is compatible with future European surveillance infrastructure that’s moving towards greater use of 1090MHz ADS-B. The demonstrations have prepared the


way for greater use of 1090 electronic conspicuity through the efforts of industry, service providers and flying associations, with support from the CAA. EASA has invited Project EVA to discuss


its results. EVA and CAA CWG members are already contributing to EASA Rule Making Task 0679 that’s looking at the revision of the SPI IR (Surveillance Performance and Interoperability Implementing Rule. Regulatory requirements framework for European Aviation surveillance systems and equipment) where the use of ADS-B is a major consideration. The real possibility of widespread


ADS-B-out from GA aircraft could be the stimulus for significant change in European surveillance infrastructure.


Autumn/Winter 2016 CLUED UP 25


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