or female name, institute of study, primary instrument and relevant work experience. The resumes were organized into four sets of pack- ets, which rotated the name of each applicant with the background information. The resume sets were circulated to various administra- tive professionals, including both within and outside of a music- specific position. The primary experimental variable in this case was the sex of the applicant, with additional experimental variables including the instrument, institute of study and work experience. The final experi- mental variable was the job description. In this study, two separate packets were circulated with differing job applications; an elementa- ry instrumental music teacher and a high school instrumental teach- er. The author’s research team was instructed to focus on research- ing the high school position, while additional teams were assigned the elementary position. The high school position’s responsibilities were clearly defined in the packet; job duties included directing the marching band, orchestra and concert band, in addition to manag- ing the music budget, participating in local and state music func- tions, maintaining community relations through a booster club and music programs at lower grade levels. The dependant variable was the rankings of the applicant by
each evaluator. Each evaluator was required to complete a Likert scale of ten choices, ranging from 1 (“not likely”) to 10 (“very likely”) of the evaluator’s likelihood of inviting the candidate for a formal interview. In addition, the participant was asked to choose one of the four applicants based on the initial impression of the resume as to which candidate they would most likely hire. Finally, specific back- ground information was requested from the participant, including college major/profession, age and sex.
The author chose eight administrators, all of which had no pro-
fessional background in music training or supervision. The admin- istrators included one superintendent, four school principals, two vice-principals, and one curriculum supervisor. The administrators represented schools in both the elementary and secondary levels. To- tals were then calculated and tabulated individually (elementary or secondary) and collectively. In total, 143 questionnaires were com- pleted and submitted representing both applications for the elemen- tary and high school positions.
Results Table 1 illustrates the individual ratings of each position in re-
gards to the sex of the applicant. As notated in the table, the mean difference between the elementary instrumental music teacher and the high school instrumental music teacher positions did not repre- sent a statistical significance as calculated by an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). However, resumes with female names were clearly evaluated
by participants as more likely to be granted a formal interview as opposed to resumes with male names. This is present in both the elementary and high school positions with an ANOVA of 4.10, p < .05. The variance between the different levels of the positions rep- resents an ANOVA of .266, p > .05. Resumes with female names were significantly favored in both positions regardless of the level of the position.
MARCH 2016 43
Table 1: Mean (Average) Resume Rating by Level of the Po- sition and Sex of the Candidate.
High School Instrumental Teacher
Male
Female Total
Elementary Instrumental Teacher
Male
Female Total
Total for both levels Male
Female
7.31 7.89 7.51
7.27 7.76
Similarly to the Kopetz study, each candidate’s resume con- tained a primary instrument that was interchanged with the appli- cant’s names on each set of packets. Although a gender role was not previously assigned to any specific instrument, there was a statis- tically significant relationship between the pairings of instruments with the sex of the applicant (ANOVA Instrument by Sex F = 2.83, p < .05). This is evident in Table 2, in which female flute players are significantly preferred to male flutists. Female trombonists were also rated significantly higher than male trombonists. Trumpet and clarinet players in regards to sex did not display a significant vari- ance. For both levels combined, however, there was a not a specific instrumental grouping that advantaged a particular candidate.
Table 2: Mean (Average) Resume Rating by Instrument
Played by the Candidate and Sex of the Candidate Instrument
Trombone Clarinet Flute
Trumpet Total
Male 6.99 7.79 6.77 7.49 7.27
Female 7.90 7.56 8.18 7.75 7.75
Total 7.38 7.68 7.57 7.5
7.51
Table 3 illustrates the combination of the instrument played by the candidate and the level of the specific position. Depending on the level of the position, candidates that played certain instruments were favored over other candidates, regardless of sex. Flutists were the highest ranked in the elementary position, while they placed the lowest in the high school position. Clarinetists, by contrast, were the lowest ranked in the elementary position, though they were the highest ranked in the high school position.
Rating
7.30 7.71 7.51
TEMPO
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