224 INDEX
UNCTAD. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP. See United Nations Development Programme
Unemployment: in Middle East and North Africa, 3t, 8–9; poverty and, 152; retraining costs and, 193; in Syria, 152
Unilateral trade liberalization: effects of, xxiii, 62–65, 66, 195–96; in Egypt, xviii, 71, 197; in Middle East and North Africa region, xviii, 184; policies on, 195–96; political resistance to, 1; scholarship on, 62–65; in Tunisia, xviii
United Arab Emirates, Gulf Cooperation Council and, 38
United Nations: Food and Agriculture Organization, 7n, 148; Oil for Food program, 135
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 19, 22 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 73, 151
United States: African Growth and Opportunity Act, xviii, 34–35, 40, 184; agricultural support policies of, 43, 45–46, 47, 48, 171; agricultural trade with, 18, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45; decoupled payments to farmers, 201; Doha Round negotiations and, 30; farm bills of, 201; foreign direct investment from, 195; Milk Income Loss Contract Program, 47; tariff rates of, 25
United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement, xviii, 34, 39–40, 184
U.S.-Middle East Free Trade Initiative, xviii, 34, 39–40, 184
United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement, xviii, xxi, 34, 40, 165, 169, 170–71, 184
URAA. See Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture
Urbanization: in Egypt, 73, 96; in Middle East and North Africa, 3t, 9; in Morocco, 9, 172; in Tunisia, 100
Urban poverty: in Egypt, 75–77, 76t; in Morocco, 173–74; in Tunisia, 115, 115t. See also Poverty
Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA), 28–30, 39, 43, 44, 46, 106, 183
Van der Mensbrugghe, D., 55–56 Vegetables. See Fruits and vegetables Vicens, J., 60
Wages: effects of agricultural price increases, 63–64; effects of trade liberalization, 55–56, 58, 174; in Egypt, 77, 78, 78t, 79t, 80, 81t; in Tunisia, 125 Water. See Irrigation
West Bank and Gaza: agricultural exports of, 14, 14t, 16t; agricultural imports of, 13–14, 15t; economic growth in, 7–8; effects of agricultural price increases, 50, 50t; poverty rates in, 9; WTO status of, 29t Westlake, M., 148
Wheat: consumption of, 84, 85t, 95; global market for, 42–43; tariff rates for, 43. See also Cereals
Wheat imports: of Egypt, 13, 42–43, 69, 84, 94; of Middle East and North African countries, 13; of Morocco, 165, 166; of Tunisia, 101–3
Wheat market liberalization, effects in Syria, 153–58, 156t, 157t, 158t, 159–60, 192
Wheat prices: effects of changes on poverty in Egypt, 84–85, 86t, 92–93, 187, 192; effects of changes on poverty in Syria, 153–58, 158t, 159–60, 192; effects of trade liberalization, 48, 184; in Egypt, 84–85; in Syria, 138, 148, 149t, 159 Wheat production: effects of subsidy reduction in Syria, 155–56, 157t; in Egypt, 68–69, 84–85, 85t; in Middle East and North Africa, 12t, 13; in Morocco, 166; poverty rates of growers, 85, 86t, 95; in Syria, 135–36; in Tunisia, 101, 103t Winters, L. A., 52
World Bank: country income rankings of, 38; International Finance Corporation, 8; project funding by, 201, 203; structural reform indicators of, 25; studies by, 94, 100, 160; tariff rankings of, 22, 165 World Trade Organization (WTO): bound rates in, xvii–xviii, 28, 72, 107, 170; Doha Round, 30, 54; establishment of, 28; groups in, 31–32; MENA countries and, 29–30; Morocco and, 169–70; Syria and, 149; trade liberalization, 22. See also Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture
Yemen, U.S. trade preferences for, xviii, 35
Zallio, F., 22 Zarrouk, J. E., 22
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