Technical issues Building a Smart Laboratory 2012 Fig. 6: Semantic computing Trusted SW Proof Logic


Rules/Query Ontology


RDF Model and Syntax


XML Query XML


URI/IRI XML Schema


Namespaces Unicode


sources, both of data and of functionality, that could all be integrated to create the applications we need. Te second principle was that of participation; of people making the web applications more useful even as they worked with them. Tis usually meant that they contributed their own knowledge by sharing the data as they manipulated their way through these applications. Te semantic web promises even more


in the sense that adding metadata, i.e. more meaning, to the data and information on the web will enhance the capability of the technology to understand content and therefore take some of the burden of intelligently finding and filtering information within a given context. If this goal is successful, it promises further personal productivity gains.


Semantic computing


illustrated how technology can enhance collaboration once some rudimentary data standards are in place. Te relative ease of incorporating text, audio, images and video into a compound document (web page) with links to other documents and references to similar documents is, in principle, akin to the role of the ELN. Furthermore, this approach does not require much more than an internet browser to gain access to the document, which means that the document is easily available from anywhere with internet access and is device-independent; i.e. any device that can run a browser should, within reason, be able to access, display and provide editing capability to the document.


The internet and web-based tools


Te continuing evolution of the internet is having a significant effect on laboratory informatics with an increased need to deploy web-based tools to support geographically dispersed communities and mobile users. Web 2.0 was the generic term used to identify the change in the role of the internet as it became a collaboration space rather than just a presentation space. Tere were two basic principles behind this. Te first was that soſtware applications would run on the web itself rather than on the desktop. Tis changed the nature of the web from a collection of destination sites to a set of


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Gilder’s Law (1990)


Four laws of computing – capacity and requirements


Moore’s Law (1965)


Formulated by Gordon Moore: ‘Every 18 months to two years, twice as many transistors can be fitted onto a chip of any given area for the same price’ (computers become faster and the price of a given level of computing power halves every 18 months)


Metcalfe’s Law (1980)


Attributed to Robert Metcalfe: ‘The value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of nodes’ (as a network grows, the value of being connected to it grows exponentially, while the cost per user remains the same or even reduces)


Proposed by George Gilder: ‘Bandwidth grows at least three times faster than computer power’ (if computer power doubles every 18 months, then communications power doubles every six months)


Zuckerberg‘s Law (2011)


Every year, for the foreseeable future, the amount of information you share on the web will double


Research is an extremely information- intensive endeavour. As a rule, experimental data is both dynamic and distributed. New data and properties of research samples and models are continuously invented. It becomes very difficult to track the entire experiment from hypothesis and methods to the raw data, to the processed and analysed data, through to the results, conclusions and reports, and then to the management decision processes to find and use the information. As data becomes distributed into cloud repositories, it becomes increasingly important to use semantic methods to annotate and be able to relate these data to other scientific information. Ontologies and hierarchically-organised


controlled vocabularies are fundamental to helping the subject matter experts find the right information (Figure 6). Cloud computing and semantic web technologies are now becoming mainstream in leading research organisations and we have been applying these during the past decade to turn data into shared and actionable knowledge. Te impact of semantic web technology in the cloud is significant and will considerably decrease the need for central warehouses of information. Tere will be far less need to transfer large amount of data across networks.


Electronic records


One of the most fundamental issues in replacing paper with electronic media is the concern over long-term data preservation.


Signature Encryption


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