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EVIDENCE INFORMED PRACTICE


and then design the management plan to reduce these stresses and optimise gait function accordingly (10, 23).


References 1. Khan KM, Cook KL, Kannus P, et al. Time to abandon the “tendinitis” myth. British Medical Journal 2002;324:626–627 2. Astrom M, Arvidson T. Alignment and joint motion in the normal foot. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Threrapy 1995;22:216–222 3. Root ML, Orien WP, Weed JH, et al. Normal and abnormal function of the foot (Volume 1). Clinical Biomechanics Corp 1971 4. Bruckner J. Variations in the human subtalar joint. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1987;8:489– 494


5. Kirby KA. Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2001;91:465–487 6. Chen Y, Yu G, Mei J, et al. Assessment of subtalar joint neutral position: a cadaveric study. Chinese Medical Journal 2008;121: 735–739 7. Garbalosa JC, McClure MH, Catlin PA, et al. The frontal plane relationship of the forefoot to the rearfoot in an asymptomatic population. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1994;20:200– 206


8. Sobel E, Levitz SJ, Caselli MA, et al. Re-evaluation of the relaxed calcaneal stance position. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 1999;89:258–264 9. Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB. Normative values for the foot posture index. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2008;1/6:1–9 10. McPoil TG, Hunt GC. Evaluation and management of foot and ankle disorders: Present problems and future directions. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1995;21:381–388 11. Nester CJ. Lessons from dynamic cadaver and invasive bone pin studies: do we know how the foot really moves during gait? Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2009;2:18 12. Weiner-Ogilvie S, Rome K. The reliability of three techniques for measuring foot position. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 1998;88:381–386 13. Menz HB. Clinical hindfoot measurements: a critical review of the literature. Foot 1995;5:57–64 14. Van Gheluwe BV, Kirby KA, Roosen P, et al. Reliability and accuracy of biomechanical measurements of the lower extremities. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2002;92:317–326 15. Pierrynowski MR, Smith SB, Mlynarczyk JH. Proficiency of foot care specialists to place the rearfoot at subtalar neutral. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 1996;86:217–223


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16. Hamill J, Bates BT, Knutzen KM, et al. Relationship between selected static and dynamic lower extremity measures. Clinical Biomechanics 1989;4:217–225 17. Cashmere T, Smith R, Hunt A. Medial longitudinal arch of the foot: Stationary versus walking measures. Foot and Ankle International 1999;20:112–118 18. Wen DY, Puffer JC, Schmalzried TP, et al. Injuries in runners: a prospective study of alignment. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 1998;8:187–194 19. Twellaar M, Verstappen FT, Huson A, et al. Physical characteristics as risk factors for sports injuries: a four year prospective study. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1997;18:66–71 20. Cowan D, Jones B, Robinson J. Foot morphologic characteristics and risk of exercise related injury. Archives of Family Medicine 1993;2:773–777 21. Ryan MB, Valiant GA, McDonald K, et al. The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2010; doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.069849 22. Williams DS, McClay Davis I, Baitch SP. Effect of inverted orthoses on lower- extremity mechanics in runners. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 2003;35:2060–2068 23. Kirby KA. Foot and lower extremity biomechanics II: Precision Intricast Newsletters 1997–2002 (Tissue stress approach to mechanical foot therapy). Precision Intricast Inc 2002.


THE AUTHOR


Ian Griffiths completed his BSc (Hons) podiatry degree in 2003, his PGCert in sports podiatry in 2006, and his MSc in


sports injury in 2010. He remains actively involved in research, his particular areas of interest being supination resistance and foot orthoses. He is the director of Sports Podiatry Info Ltd


(www.sportspodiatryinfo.co.uk) and consults privately across London and in Essex. Ian will be part of the podiatry team based in the athletes’ village at the London 2012 Olympic Games.


RECOMMENDED RELATED SPORTEX ARTICLES


If you have a current subscription to this journal, please login at www.sportex.net to view the articles mentioned below. If you don’t have a subscription, it is possible to purchase some back issues invididually at the following link: http://www.sportex.net/back-issues-c-22.html


n Running gait assessment - by Leo Neenan. sportEX dynamics 2011;29(July):19-24


n How abnormal foot motion can be a major contributor to lower back and pelvic problems - by Nick Dinsdale. sportEX dynamics 2009;19(Jan):11-14


n Assessment of the foot – by Joan Watt. sportEX dynamics 2009;19(Jan):09-10


n What are some of the historical observations which were considered to contribute to ‘normal’ alignment?


DISCUSSIONS


n Why could it be considered odd that all individuals would be expected to function similarly/ identically?


n Name 2 or 3 of the key problems associated with using the term “overpronation”


n What model of assessing and treating lower extremity pathology should we consider adopting for the future?


CPD MCQ QUESTIONNAIRE


THE QUIZ FOR THIS ARTICLE IS CALLED: IS THE TERM ‘OVERPRONATION’ A MISNOMER?


QUIZ


STEP 1: Login at www.sportex.net and go to Online Access


Successful completion results in a downloadable CPD certificate under the ‘Print my certificates’ section of the My Account area of our website. Note: This quiz is accessible free with a subscription to this journal. Alternatively the article and quiz can be purchased individually under the CPD quizzes section of our website at www.sportex.net.


FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO TAKE PART IN THE ONLINE QUIZ


STEP 2: Go to the eLearning section


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