Surface faults (TIR, radar)
Basalt flows (TIR)
Rough surfaces (Radar)
Rock types (SWIR)
Topography (DEM)
Wadis, buried wadis (TIR, radar)
Sand dunes (SWIR, DEM)
Marshes, meadows (VIS–NIR)
Infrastructure (VNIR, SWIR)
Rivers (VIS)
(VNIR, SWIR)
Swamps (VIS–NIR)
Beaches (VNIR)
Forests
Sea (VIS)
Screes, alluvial fans (SWIR, DEM)
Sabkhas, salt lakes (DEM, SWIR)
River terraces (DEM, radar)
Buried river beds (TIR, radar)
Farmland (SWIR)
Surface Class
Topography and texture
Surface Feature
Escarpments, river terraces
Rough surfaces Land use
Surface faults Farmland Forests
Infrastructure
Swamps, marshes, meadows
Water features Lithology Basalt flows
Caliche, mineralization horizons
Claypans Hard rock outcrops Sabkhas, salt lakes
Wadis, buried wadis, buried river beds
Geomorphology Moraine ridges Sand dunes Screes, alluvial fans
Type of Satellite Data DEM, radar
Radar
TIR, radar SWIR
VNIR, SWIR VNIR, SWIR VIS–NIR VIS TIR NIR, SWIR, radar DEM, NIR NIR, SWIR, radar DEM, SWIR TIR, radar SWIR, DEM SWIR, DEM SWIR, DEM
Impact on Seismic Data Quality Noise from scattered surface waves
Baseplate point loading; poor receiver coupling
Noise from scattered surface waves Possible permitting restrictions
Low seismic velocity and high attenuation if located on dry glacial till
High broadband noise level, limitation to vibrator drive level
Resonance; mud roll; substantial velocity statics
Transition-zone equipment required
Poor vibrator coupling; strong scattering from basalt texture
Narrow-band resonance; strong absorption
Resonance
Baseplate point loading; poor receiver coupling
Resonance; mud roll; velocity statics; high attenuation
Groundwater table for P-wave statics; poor coupling in wadis
Low seismic velocity and high attenuation in dry glacial till
Elevation statics; strong attenuation; trapped surface-wave modes
Low seismic velocity and high attenuation
Lakes (VIS)
Moraine ridges (SWIR, DEM)
Impact on Logistics
Severe risk to vehicles for 15% to 25% slope, and no access beyond 25% slope
Severe risk of tire damage for vehicles
None unless escarpment present Possible permitting restrictions
Limited vibrator and vehicle access in dense forest
Limited vibrator and vehicle access
If wet, no access for vibrators and vehicles; hand-carry recording equipment
No vehicle access; transition-zone equipment required
Often risk for vibrator and vehicle tires No risk for vibrator and vehicle access
If wet, no access for vibrators Limited risk of access for vibrators
Severe risk for vibrator and vehicle access No risk for vibrator and vehicle access No risk
Access for vibrators severely limited; preparation of track required
Limited vibrator access in steep terrain
> The impacts of satellite imagery on seismic data quality and survey logistics. Surface features (top) often encountered in land seismic surveys can be differentiated using combinations of spectral bands (bottom).
Winter 2008/2009
43
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