Contamination in Central Asia’s Ferghana-Osh-Khudjand area
DownloaD Graphic 2
Legacies of past economic planning also impact on waste issues and led to extensive mining and the valley became an important source of
development. The Ferghana-Osh-Khudjand area in Central Asia is shared uranium for the former Soviet Union's civilian and military nuclear projects.
by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The region is a typical example
of former centrally planned economies, where development plans paid little Several factors – population density in disaster-prone areas, high overall
attention to local conditions (especially environmental) and social progress population growth, poverty, land and water use, failure to comply with
was planned to be achieved through large-scale industrial projects. building codes and global climate change – make the region particularly
vulnerable to natural as well as human-made hazards. Cumulative risks from
The construction of enormous irrigation schemes made the region a major different industrial facilities, deteriorating infrastructure and contaminated
cotton producer. The area also became a zone of heavy industry, based on sites threaten not only the inhabitants living directly in the polluted zones but
mining and oil, gas and chemical production. Discoveries of uranium ore also have transboundary impacts in the three countries that share the valley.
Source: UNEP and others 2005
Radioactive, chemical and biological hazards in Central Asia
Pollution pathways
0 50 100 km
Chatkal
Reservoir
Transboundary risk of soil,
Reservoir
Toktogul
air and water contamination
KAZAKHSTAN
r
c
h
ik
TEREKSAY
C
h
i
KYRGYZSTAN
Spills and reported
o
n KYZYLDZHAR
industrial accidents Chardara Reservoir Tashkent TASH-KUMIR
SUMSAR
SHEKAFTAR
YANGEBAT
A
h
a
n
g
a
r
MAILUU-SUU
CHARKESAR
Poorly managed waste sites
CHADAK
S
Jalal-Abad
y
r
-
Namangan
Mining tailing ponds
D
a
r
y
ALMALYK Andijan
and piles
Syrdarya a UYGURSAY
K
ADRASMAN
ar
MINGBULAK Andijan
a-Dary
a
Municipal waste
OIL FIELD Reservoir
TABOSHAR
Osh
S
y
r
-
D
a
r
ia
Pesticides and hazardous
Gulistan
Karakkum
chemicals
Ferghana
UZBEKISTAN
Khujand
Reservoir
BEKABAD
TEO-MOYUN
KANIBADAM
Jizakh ISFARA
KAN
Waste from polluting industries
DEGMAY KADAMJAI
GAFUROV SHURAB
Batken
Metallurgical industry
CHKALOVSK
CHINA
Oil and coal production SULUKTA
KHAIDARKAN yls
u
Ky
z
Radioactive material processing and storage sites t
TAJIKISTAN
Uranium tailing or radioactive processing
Source: UNEP and
ZERAVSHAN Closed uranium mine
others 2005
ANZOB
Current Action and Outlook for the Future
Chemicals are used in every aspect of life, including Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut-
320
industrial processes, energy, transport, agriculture, ants, as well as the 2006 Strategic Approach to
pharmaceuticals, cleaning and refrigeration. More International Chemicals Management.
than 50 000 compounds are used commercially,
hundreds are added every year and global chemi- Regional agreements include the Bamako Conven-
cal production is projected to increase by 85 per tion on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the
cent over the 2000-2020 period. Control of Transboundary Movement and Manage-
ment of Hazardous Wastes within Africa and the
The risks associated with chemicals and the trans- European Union’s REACH.
boundary movements of pollutants are widely
recognized. There are 17 multilateral agreements, The new REACH legislation (Registration, Evaluation,
together with numerous intergovernmental organiza- Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), that en-
tions and coordination mechanisms addressing differ- tered into force in June 2007, requires manufacturers
ent aspects of the problem. They include the Basel and importers of chemicals to prove that substances
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Move- in widely used products, such as cars, clothes or
ments of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal, the paint, are safe, while the properties of chemicals
Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent produced or imported into the European Union have
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals, the to be registered with a central agency.
54 VITAL GEO GRAPHICS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
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