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Feature 5 | ENERGY GENERATION & STORAGE
Li-ion batteries store up long-term
potential
Attention in the development o
Opera
f no
tional
n-n
advanta
ucle
ges
ar submarines has of late
focused on Air Independent Pr
T
o
he
p
s
u
ubm
ls
er
i
g
o
ed
n
au

t
(
on
A
om
I
y
P
is i
)
nc

r
s
ea
y
se
s
d
t
d
e
ue
m
to t
s
he
,
h
b
igh
u
e
t
n

e
i
rg
m
y de
p
ns
r
ity
o
o
v
f th
e
e
m
Li-Io
e
n
n
tec
t
h
s
nology.
The procedure of charge of a lead-acid battery does not permit to reach the total capacity at sea. The knowledge of the state
to conventional onboard energy
of

charge
stor
of
a
a
g
lead
e s
acid
ys
battery
tem
is
s
uncerta
suc
i
h
n,

s
a
o
s
in

p
b
ra
a
cti
t
c
t
e,
e
th
r
e
i
d
e
is
s
ch

a
s
rg
t
e
i

l
is
l


s
h
topped
ave
until the remaining capacity is below
20% of the nominal capacity. Due to these 2 factors, the capacity used in practice at sea for a lead acid battery does not
exceed 60% of the nominal capacity.
much to offer says Saft. With Li-Ion Technology, it is possible to proceed full charge at sea. The capacity measurement is easier and more confident
and we can expect to use 95% of the nominal capacity at sea.
So, the improvement of the diving autonomy for a Scorpene submarine type equipped with Li-Ion battery is more than 75%
at low speed and 200% at high speed (see Figure 3: submerged autonomy gain with Li-Ion technology)
W
orking together with DCNS,
battery manufacturer Saft is
250%
investigating application of
200%
its new generation of safe Li-ion batteries
a
d

a
c
i
d

on the Scorpène type submarine, which,
i
t
h

l
e
150%
if successful, says Saft, could double
d

w
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
100%
submerged endurance. p
a
r
e
Diesel-electric submarines currently

c
o
m
50%
use lead-acid batteries, but to improve
a
i
n
the Scorpène DCNS has been working
G
0%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
on the integration into the submarine of
Speed (Knots)
Saft’s lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries. The
new technology promises not only to
Submerged autonomy gain with Li-Ion technology.
Figure 3: submerged autonomy gain with Li-Ion technology
double submerged endurance at speed but
The charge efficiency is greater than lead acid battery. Furthermore, maximal intensity charge is greater. Due to these 2
at the same time reduce the submarine’s
characteristics, the indiscretion ratio can be reduced (see Figure 4).
indiscretion rate, increasing range,
The
U
co
s
m
in
pa
g
ri

so
it
n
s
t

ak
e
e
x
s
i
i
s
n
t
to
i

n
ac
g
c

ou
L
n
i
t
-
th
io
e
n
sa

m
t
e
e

c
de
h
p
n
th of discharge fo
ology, al
r the both technologies (100
uminium oxide, l
%
it
)
h
.
ium manganese
improving safety onboard and reducing Saft has developed and tested a 40-cell oxide, or lithium iron phosphate, and
maintenance requirements. module for submarine ap
D
p
e
l
c
i
r
c
e
a
a
t
s
i
e
o
o
n
f
s
in
,
disc
S
re
a
ti
f
o
t
n


h
ra
a
ti
s
o


m
(%
a
)
ny years of experience with
The Li-ion battery cells developed by Saft and DCNS has completed integration so-called doped nickel oxide (NCA),
25%
for integration into the Scorpène are similar studies with a Li-ion module on board which offers the best cycling capability
to those already used in a number of other the
20
S
%
corpène, and addressed issues such and service life.
applications, such as a power source on as 1q5u%alification and onboard safety. The Saft has already developed large and
satellites, and have already been proven to companies believe that the technology is medium-sized batteries in cylindrical
10%
have a long life. Saft is also a major supplier sufficiently mature – and safe enough – to and near-prismatic shapes, with various
of Li-ion batteries for both manned and be in
5%
stalled onboard submarines. energy-power trade-offs, from 150W/kg
unmanned underwater vehicles. L0i%thium-ion electrochemistry involves with full discharge in two hours to 65Wh/
the use
3
of lithium inser
4
tion compoun
5
ds. kg with f
6
ull discharge in
7
15 seconds. Oth
8
er
Performance advantages In a lithium-ion cell, the negativ
S
e
peed
r

e
(k
m
no
a
t
r
s
k
)
able properties of these products
Used on their own, or coupled to an AIP electrode (anode) is graphite and the include a Faradic efficiency close to 100%,
Figure 4: Indiscretion ratio gain with Li-Ion technology
system, Saft and DCNS believe that the positive electrode (cathode) is a lithium- long life (more than 20 years at ambient
Li-ion batteries could provide significant
In the case of
bearing m
arrangement describes in Figure 2, the integrati
etal compound. Li-ion cells are
on
t
o
em
f Li-I
p
on
era
bat
t
te
ur
ry p
e),
ermi
lo
ts t
w
o inc
s
r
e
e
lf-di
ase the
s

c
fu
h
el
a
o
r
il
g
c
e
apa
le
cit
v
y
e
d
l
u
s
e

to the fact that the volume of battery compartments can be reduced.
performance advantages for future
T
p
h
a
e
r
in
tic
cre
u
as
la
e
r
o
l
f
y
the
w
f
e
ue
ll-s
l oil
ui
ca
t
p
e
a
d
city
t
a
o
nd
c
t
y
h
c
e
lin
bett
g
er
t
in
h
d
a
is
n
cr
ks
etio

n ra
(
te
u
p
n
er
d
m
e
it
r
s

to
5
in
%
cr

ea
p
s
e
e
r
d

ra
a
s
n
tic
n
al
u
ly
m
the
)
a
,
ut
a
on
n
o

m
o
y
p
of
e
t
r
he
a

ting
submarines, and could also provide to their stable electrode structure: charging temperature range from –30°C to +60°C,
advantages in terms of reduced volume and discharging involv
Sa
e
fe
s


Lit
e
h
x
ium
c

h
ion
a
n
n
a
g
va
e
l e

n
o
erg
f
y stor
a
ag
n
e
d
sy

st
c
em
h
s
a
a
r
nd
g
a
e
p

pl
l
ic
e
at
v
io
e
n
l that is gaugeable
1

1
b
/13
y


onboard Scorpene conventional submarine
and reduced weight compared with lithium ions between the electrodes via measuring voltage.
conventional lead acid batteries. the electrolyte. Because of the high output Batteries play a vital role in both nuclear
Saft and DCNS have been carrying voltage (up to 4.2V), a non-aqueous and conventional submarines (with or
out studies to develop safe energy electrolyte is used, mainly comprising a without AIP) and their performance is a
storage systems for submarine batteries mixture of organic carbonates. crucial factor in determining the length
for several years and provided an update Various active materials for the positive and nature of any mission.
on their work in a paper presented at a electrode can be used: lithium cobalt Saft believes that Li-ion batteries
recent conference. oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium can enhance onboard efficiency while
36 Warship Technology January 2009
WT_Jan09_p36+37+38.indd 36 12/23/08 2:26:03 AM
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