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participation in decision-making and thereby strengthen the quality of decisions. The projects and programmes co-financed by the EU (Cohesion, Agricultural and Fisheries Policies) have to comply with the EIA and SEA Directives to receive approval for financial assistance. The Directives on Environmental Assessment are therefore crucial tools for sustainable development. Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/home.htm


144: Environmental Performance Reviews


UNECE has more than 20-year experience in using peer review mechanisms to improve policies and their implementation in the areas of environment, innovation, housing and land management, and trade.


The UNECE Environmental Performance Reviews (EPRs) were launched in 1993 by countries represented at the second Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference. The UNECE EPRs cover the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia and South Eastern Europe. The current third cycle of reviews focuses on environmental governance and financing in a green economy context, and countries’ cooperation with the international community and environmental mainstreaming in priority sectors.


The reviews address legal, policy and institutional frameworks, financing of environmental policies and projects, protection of air quality and water resources, biodiversity and protected areas, and waste management. They also look into integration of environmental considerations in agriculture, industry, transport, energy, forestry, tourism and health sectors. The practical measures that have been implemented as a result of the EPRs include the strengthening of environmental institutions, the adoption of new legislation and policy documents, introduction of economic instruments for environmental protection, increase of governmental expenditures for environmental protection and other measures.


International expertise for the reviews is provided by governments and international organizations including UNEP, OECD, WHO, EEA and OCHA. Peer review is carried


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out by the UNECE member States in the UNECE Committee on Environmental Policy. Source: http://www.unece.org/env/epr.html


Outlooks and emerging issues 145:


Domestic material consumption, material intensity and material footprint in the region


Domestic material consumption (DMC) is an indicator designed to capture the territorial consumption of primary materials, whether they are sourced from domestic extraction or imported. As such DMC is a territorially-defined metric for consumption, while material footprint (MF) is a consumption-based metric that takes into account upstream material flows involved in producing products, rather than just the tonnage of the product itself. In doing this it provides a far superior indicator of where responsibility for final consumption of primary materials is located (Schandl et al. 2016).


As for material intensity (MI), it corresponds to the amount of natural resources that go into creating a unit of economic


Table 11: Definition of natural resource consumption indicators used in this section


Indicator


Domestic material consumption (DMC)


Material intensity (MI) Definition


Raw material extracted from the domestic territory + all raw material imports - all raw material exports


Amount of natural resources that go into creating a unit of economic output measured by the ratio of Domestic material consumption (DMC) to gross domestic product (GDP)


Material footprint (MF)


Global allocation of used raw material embodied in products to the final demand of an economy


Source: Wiedmann et al. 2015; European Commission 2014


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