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Figure-L2 25: Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (sum of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138 , 153 and 180) in human breast milk analysed as part of WHO milk surveys, 2000–2003


100 200 300 400 500 600


0


Source: Data compiled from RECETOX 2014 and UNEP 2015c. Data for countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus was estimated from graphs in the report by RECETOX


66: Municipal solid waste


Municipal solid waste (MSW) according to the EU Landfill Directive is ‘waste from households, as well as other waste which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from households’. However, due to diverse waste management practices, some differences exist in how countries define MSW, which poses a specific challenge in assessments and in the coordination of transnational initiatives (EEA and UNEP/MAP 2014; EEA 2013h). MSW represents only a fraction of total waste, and around one quarter in OECD countries (Wilson et al. 2015), but countries that have efficient MSW management systems generally show good performance in overall waste management (EEA 2015a). The generation of MSW is closely linked to economic prosperity, but stable or partially reducing MSW generation in Western Europe demonstrates some decoupling of waste generation from economic growth. The EU has been influential in harmonizing reporting by Member States and beyond, but statistical data from South Eastern and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus and Central Asia need further improvement (EEA 2015a; UNECE 2015a). Increasing quantities of collected household waste may reflect increasing


240


waste generation, but may also be due to improved collection, particularly in urban areas. Household waste generated in rural areas often remains unaccounted for.


Despite the remaining challenges, there are promising ongoing efforts under the auspices of the UNECE Working Group on Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (WGEMA) which defined the data and information to be made available as part of the pan-European Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS). Through WGEMA, Western European countries, part of the EIONET, and countries from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, and Central Asia have agreed on 67 specific data sets that any country in the region should aim to make available and accessible on-line during 2015 (UNECE 2015b).


67: MSW landfills


Implementation of state-of-the-art sanitary landfilling needs further progress throughout Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. For the Russian Federation alone, the Global Waste Management Outlook (Wilson et al. 2015) reported the existence of more than 7 500 waste disposal sites in 2010, with


Belgium Finland Germany Ireland Italy Luxemburg The Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Ukraine


Concentration pg g-1 lipid


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