ESAP: English for Psychology in Higher Education Studies TB

11 PARAPSYCHOLOGY

reliably tested under laboratory conditions. In uncontrolled situations, it is very difficult to identify the effect of different variables. The same scientific methods of blind, double blind testing, randomization and instrumental measurement are used in experiments in parapsychology.

Exercise B

1 Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Feed back with the whole class, building the table in the Answers section.

2 Explain what is meant by ‘within’ and ‘between’ sentences: ‘within-sentence’ linking words or phrases join clauses in a sentence; ‘between- sentence’ linking words or phrases connect two sentences. Demonstrate with the following:

Within-sentence linking words:

Science and psychology have benefited from the growth of parapsychology because it has developed very rigorous research methods.

Make sure students can see that within-sentence linking words precede dependent clauses.

Between-sentence linking words:

Research in parapsychology has discovered that hypnosis is a psychological phenomenon. As a result, mainstream psychology has been able to expand its areas of investigation.

Point out that with between-sentence linking words there is usually a comma before the rest of the sentence.

Ask students to say which of the other words in box a are ‘between’ and which are ‘within’.

Linking words/phrases

another point is as a result, because finally firstly

for example in addition moreover

one result of this is … secondly

since So

Use for

building an argument reasons and results reasons and results building an argument building an argument

building an argument building an argument building an argument reasons and results

building an argument

reasons and results reasons and results

3 Ask for suggestions for synonyms and add to the table.

4 First, make sure that students understand the basic principle of an argument, which is:

Statement +

one or more support(s) for statement (= more facts, reasons, results, examples, evidence, etc.)

Constructing a complex argument will usually entail a statement plus several supports.

With the whole class, elicit suggestions for how to use the linking words/phrases when constructing an argument. Build the table in the Answers section on the board.

Answers

Possible answers: 1/2/3 See table below. 4 A typical argument is constructed like this:

Firstly, making the major support point

For example, supporting the point with a specific example

In addition, adding another related point in support

Secondly, making the second major support point Another

making the last point adding another related point in support

point is … Moreover, adding more information to the point above Finally,

Within or between sentence

between between within

between between

between between between between

between within between Other similar words/phrases

and another thing consequently as

lastly

to begin with/to start with/ for one thing

for instance also

furthermore

one consequence of this is … because of this …

next; then

as

therefore thus hence

183

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