10 MODERN ADDICTIONS Exercise D
Many of these were covered in Unit 5, so ask students to check back if they are not sure, or they can refer to the list at the back of their books; they can also check online at the APA site and/or the other sites given in the Skills bank.
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Answers
Model answers: & ©
cf. edn.
ed(s). et al. ibid. n.d.
op. cit. p.
pp. vol.
Exercise E
Remind students (if you have not done so already) of the two main ways in which students can use sources (i.e., references to other writers’ work) in their writing:
• by giving the exact words used by another writer
• by paraphrasing another writer’s ideas, i.e., rewriting the ideas using their own, different words but retaining the meaning
The first method is referred to as quotation or direct quotation. Short direct quotations should be in quotation marks, and incorporated into the paragraph. Quotations of more than one sentence should be ‘display quote’ style, i.e., on a new line, and indented.
The second method is referred to as paraphrase, summary or indirect quotation. Note that around 90% of the paraphrase should be new words.
1/2 Set for individual work. Tell students to look for all the direct quotations and to identify the research sources. They should then locate the source in the reference list on page 83 of the Course Book. Note that while the first sentence of the text contains references to two sources, only the second source is listed in the references because Walters is quoted in Gross. Writing the page numbers on the reference list may seem a mechanical exercise, but it is useful for students to get into the habit of doing this. It will enable them to find an original source book, refer to the relevant part of the book, and read more about the subject.
and
copyright compare edition
editor(s) and other authors same place in a work already referred to
no date (used in a reference list if there is no date – as is often the case with web articles)
the work already referred to page
pages volume
3/4 Students should identify the punctuation and introducing phrases used.
Feed back with the whole class. Language and subject note
If the quotation is a full sentence, it begins with a capital letter inside the opening quotation mark and ends with a full stop inside the closing quotation mark.
If there are some words missing from the original quotation that were at the start of the original sentence, the quotation does not begin with a capital letter.
Original spelling/punctuation conventions are retained in a quotation. Page references are normally given with direct quotations.
Answers Model answers: Lessons 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4: see table on next page.
Language and subject note An ampersand (&) is used with multiple authors, preceded by a comma.
The full stop at the end of the reference is omitted in the case of URLs.
Dates are (for example) April 7 not April 7th. Closure
Refer students to the Skills bank for a summary of writing references. Study how the following are used:
• names (order)
• punctuation (capital letters, full stops, commas, colons)
• layout (indentation, spacing) • style features (italics, brackets)
For further practice, use Resource 10C from the additional resources section. Ask students to check the references on a library database or on the Internet (discuss which sources are likely to be the most accurate and give them all the information they need – often the best way to check bibliographical details is to use a university library catalogue, as information found on the Internet is frequently inaccurate or incomplete). They should also make any necessary changes to ensure the references fit the APA models used in this unit. If possible, they should use the online website references (see Skills bank) to help them. Remind students that they will also need to put the references in the right alphabetical order.
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