• but research – Pescosolido (ref. 1 in reading text) → alcohol and drug abuse principal causes of violent crime


• mental illnesses not common cause: e.g., depression, phobia, anxiety


B Describe four stereotypes of mental illness. How do they relate to the symptoms of real illnesses?


1 mental illness not real ∵ causes not physiological; e.g., symptoms of clinical depression similar to normal reaction to life’s problems ∴ clinical depression not recognized. But depression has physiological causes ∴ genuine disease


2 people with psychiatric disorders are aggressive and anti-social; but mental illness not often the cause of violence; only in exceptional cases of severe psychosis; more common causes of violence = drugs and alcohol


3 psychiatric patients detached from reality; true for schizophrenia → delusions; but most patients in touch with reality: e.g., depression, anxiety, phobias


4 schizophrenia = split personality ∵ Greek origin: schizo = split + phrene = mind; ∴ schizophrenia mistaken for dissociative identity disorder = multiple personality disorder but different causes.


C Explain the methods used by the media to influence popular images of mental illness.


• conformity: Asch’s experiments (ref. 2 in reading text) = individual beliefs affected by social pressure: e.g., mass media (film and press)


• media promotes stereotypes of mental illness: e.g., film


• examples in film: Three Faces of Eve = multiple personality disorder; very dramatic + frightening personality shifts; One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest = violent, unstable images of mental disturbance, and equally disturbing treatment of patients by medical staff


• examples in press: link between mental illness and violence; misuse of psychological terms + slang = perpetuate negative images


D Describe Asch’s conformity experiments. How do they explain the influence of the media on individual attitudes to mental illness?


• continuation of stereotypes


• e.g., media (film and press) promotes harmful stereotypes


• conformity = effect of majority on attitudes of individuals Asch (ref. 2 in reading text)


E Outline the differences and similarities between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder.


• schizophrenia = incoherent inner reality + separate from outer world


• dissociative identity disorder = multiple personality disorder


• similarities = delusions, unpredictable inner world


• differences = causes: schizophrenia = genetic; dissociative identity = trauma


Exercise E


Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Students could copy out the sentences in their notebooks and then underline all the verbs and subjects.


Feed back with the whole class, building up the table in the Answers section on the board. Point out that each sentence has two verbs, which means that each sentence has two clauses. This means that the sentences are complex. (A simple sentence has only one main verb and subject.) To enable students to identify which is the ‘main’ part of the sentence (in bold in the table on the opposite page), ask how the two clauses are ‘joined’ and add the joining words (here: a time word; a relative pronoun, a discourse market which balances contrasting points, and how as the object of ask). The main part of the sentence is linked to the dependent part with these words.


Answers Possible answers: Joining word Subject 1 where 2 which whereas 3 how 134


schizophrenia It


these popular myths


prejudices and misconceptions the physiological causes schizophrenia


Verb persist Object/complement in a modern scientific society


are (…) understood than in the past is (…) confused


is is is


are perpetuated


with multiple personality disorder, (another name for dissociative identity disorder)


in fact, the result of traumatic events largely inherited interesting to ask in modern society.


*the underlined noun is the head word of the noun phrase


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