7 MEMORY
Put students in pairs to compare their symbols. Feed back with the whole class, if possible using an OHT of the notes. Discuss acceptable alternatives, e.g., start & finish instead of start / finish.
Answers Model answers: 1 memory =
_ easy to confuse ..._
1) some factors = ideas →
_ imagine what we expect to see 2) strong emotions → not always reliable
2 They must research the criteria for business location.
Transcript≤2.6 Part 5
I’m going to finish with some comments on how memory can be flawed – in other words, I’m going to talk about memory distortion.
Now, the fact of the matter is, it’s very easy to
confuse the memory. The reason for this is that it depends on so many factors – not to mention the fact that most of these are unconscious. First, let’s take a look at the effect of preconceived ideas on our memory; these make us believe we remember certain things because of what we expect to see in certain situations. For instance, we might think we remember an old woman wearing glasses just because we expect elderly people to have poor eyesight. Plus there’s the fact that when we recall a memory, we are affected by the emotions we felt at the time of the original event.
OK. Where was I? Oh, yes … So memory
distortion means remembering things inaccurately, depending on what we expect to remember, and
Use
to introduce a new topic to emphasize a major point
to add points to finish a list to give an example to restate Fixed phrase
You’ve probably heard of … The fact of the matter is, …
Not to mention the fact that … Plus there’s the fact that …
et cetera Let’s take …
Let me put it another way. In other words, …
remember parents differently Hypnosis →
_ emotion → _ unconcious, e.g. _, preconceived
_ affect recall, e.g., children _ remember past but
how we feel about what we remember. For example, children of the same family will remember their parents’ personalities differently; their kindness, their anger, their sense of humour, etc.
You’ve probably heard of hypnosis being used to
help witnesses remember the details of crimes. It was Freud who claimed that hypnosis was an effective method for accessing repressed memories. The advantage of hypnosis is that it can remind people of the feelings they had at the time they witnessed the event. And, as we know, strong emotions make it easier to remember past events. What hypnosis can do is help eyewitnesses return to the moment of a traumatic event and see it again ‘in the mind’s eye’. However, there are still serious doubts about the reliability of this information.
To sum up, then, hypnosis – as a method for memory recall – must be used with caution. Let me put it another way … hypnosis is not always a very reliable method for retrieving lost memories.
Oh, I almost forgot to mention your research
topics. OK, well, what’s very important is a full understanding of the use of hypnosis as a means of accessing memory and an appreciation of its disadvantages as well as its benefits. So I’d like you to investigate the drawbacks of using hypnosis to recall traumatic events.
Exercise C
Set for pairwork. Feed back with the whole class. If necessary, play the relevant sections again. Ask for other phrases which have similar meanings, particularly from Lesson 7.3, and also from Unit 5. Build the table in the Answers section on the board. Accept any suitable words or phrases for the third column.
Answers Model answers: See table below.
Other phrases Now, an important concept is …
Actually, … In fact, … The point is that ...
also, and, too and so on
For example, … e.g., … Let’s look at an example of this. For instance, …
What I mean is ...
That is to say, … By that I mean … To put it another way, …
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