Main subject Main verb Main A Children B Language may develop
is used to transmit
C School curricula
D A learner E New information
have been influenced (by)
creates traditional values
object/complement schemata
Other verbs + their subjects + objects/complements
… which continuously tests their theories about their environment.
… which is a cultural tool
Adverbial phrases
through a process of
experimentation
from the older members of society to the younger.
Vygotsky and Piaget … whose theories of cognitive development led to collaborative learning methods.
can mentor another a state of disequilibrium
1. … having already mastered a skill 2. … who is less advanced.
1. … challenging our current concepts, … 2. … which results in learning.
*underlined text = means by which dependent clause is joined to main clause
C Vygotsky and Piaget, whose theories of cognitive development led to collaborative learning methods, influenced school curricula.
D A less advanced learner can be mentored by a learner who has already mastered a skill.
E Learning takes place when a state of disequilibrium is created by new information challenging our current concepts.
Exercise E
This exercise involves looking carefully at the dependent clauses in sentences A–E.
1 Say that these clauses have special ways to link them to the main part of the sentence. Do this exercise with the whole class, using an OHT of the table in Exercise D, and a highlighter pen to mark the relevant words. (A version of the table without underlining is included in the additional resources section – Resource 6G.) Go through the clauses asking students what words or other ways are used to link the clauses to the main part of the sentence.
2 Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Students should look at each sentence and identify the antecedents of the relative pronouns. You could ask them to use a highlighter pen or to draw circles and arrows linking the words.
3 Students must be able to get the basic or kernel meaning of the clause. Take sentence A as an example and write it on the board. Point out that the relative pronouns and other ways of linking these clauses to the main clause will need to be changed or got rid of. Students should aim to write something that makes good sense as a complete sentence. They can break a sentence into shorter sentences if necessary.
102
Set the remaining clauses for individual work. Feed back with the whole class. Accept anything that makes good sense.
Answers
1 See table in Exercise D above. Sentences A–D use relative clauses. D and E use participle clauses (having …; challenging…).
2 A which = a process of experimentation B which = language C which = Vygosky and Piaget D who = another (learner) 3 Possible answers:
A A process of experimentation continuously tests their theories about their environment.
B Language is a cultural tool.
C Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s theories of cognitive development led to collaborative learning methods.
D 1. A learner has already mastered a skill. B Another learner is less advanced.
E Our current concepts have been challenged.
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