duction in a recent article in Food Se- curity. Soybean aphid, soybean rust, soybean cyst nematode, Sclerotina stem rot and the exotic pathogen, red leaf blotch, were featured as some of the top biotic constraints that may af- fect soybean production now and in the future. “Enormous potential exists to in-
New And Old Threats To Soybean Production U
URBANA, ILL.
niversity of Illinois researchers identified the top pathogens, pests and weeds affecting soybean pro-
As soybean production has increased
over the past 50 years, so has the in- tensity of biotic constraints that ulti- mately threaten yield. “Where soybean is grown every year
crease future soybean production,” said Glen Hartman, U of I professor of crop sciences and USDA-ARS research scientist. “Genetic resources, used through both traditional breeding and bioengineering, may provide the solu- tions needed to combat current and fu- ture disease problems.”
or even every other year, pathogens often have increased in density to cause economic losses in yield,” Hart- man said. “Parasitic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, Oomycetes, and viruses all contribute to economic damage. A similar story occurs for pests; many, such as aphids, beetles, mites, and stinkbugs, cause considerable economic damage to the soybean crop.” Although aphids, rust, nematode and
Sclerotina stem rot are commonly known and recognized by soybean growers, less information is known on red leaf blotch, an exotic disease
if red plan
leaf blotch is found in the United States, a recovery
caused by the fungal pathogen Phoma glycinicola, he said. “The fungus that causes red leaf
blotch is listed on the USDA Agricul- tural Select Agent List – the same list as anthrax,” Hart- man said. “So far, this disease has only been re- ported in Africa. However,
resistance and gather more data to de- velop predictive models for potential containment and management. To successfully reduce losses due to
As soybean production has increased over the
past 50 years, so has the intensity of biotic con- straints that ultimately threaten yield.
through the USDA-APHIS program has been developed that outlines a course of action to prevent it from spreading.” Red leaf blotch symptoms include le-
sions on foliage, petioles, pods and stems. The fungus does not appear to be seedborne, but may be transported along with soil and other debris in grain. Yield losses of up to 50 percent were documented in Zambia and Zim- babwe in the 1980s. “We don’t want to scare people be-
cause this disease has not been found in the United States,” Hartman said. “But we do want growers to be aware of it because they are typically the ones to find new pathogens, pests and weeds in their fields. Our goal is to build awareness among crop specialists and producers so we can stay ahead of it.” Hartman said more research is
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needed to develop molecular diagnos- tic techniques to identify this pathogen from other common foliar soybean pathogens, to provide better informa- tion on fungicide chemistry and appli- cation timing, to develop varietal
pathogens and pests, a number of practices used alone or in com- bination may be needed; these in- clude cultural and seed sanita- tion techniques, pesticide appli- cations, and de- ployment
of
soybean cultivars with resistance. “Biosecurity of food crops is impor-
tant because we don’t want to suffer food shortages – whether it’s due to natural disasters or pathogens and pests that we can sometimes control,” Hartman said. “If you are talking about food and crop improvement, you are al- ways talking about reducing diseases and pests.” This article, “Crops that feed the
World 2. Soybean – worldwide produc- tion, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests,” appeared in Food Security. Researchers included Hartman, Ellen West and Theresa Her- man of the U of I. Funding was pro- vided by the Illinois Soybean Association, the North Central Soybean Research Program and the Elizabeth Hageman Endowed Graduate Research Fellowship. Hartman will discuss
these
pathogens and pests in addition to their threat levels at the 2011 U of I Agronomy Day on Thursday, August 18.
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