12 CHAPTER 1


the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), and the Central Sta- tistical Agency of Ethiopia, with the aim of providing an in-depth analysis of smallholders’ commercialization behavior. Data were collected in mid-2005 and include 7,186 households randomly drawn from 293 kebeles.7 The sample is considered representative at the national and regional levels for four regions: Amhara; Oromia; the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples regional state (SNNP); and Tigray. The survey covered a large number of issues, including demographics, human capital stock, employment, land production and input use, crop and livestock production and disposition, marketing channels and contractual arrangements, physical assets, social capital, and participation in cooperatives. However, the ESCS did not collect information on household consumption and expenditures.


The 2006 Ethiopian Cooperatives Survey (ECS 2006), conducted by IFPRI and EDRI, was designed to examine the role played by cooperatives in the commercialization of Ethiopian smallholders’ surplus grain production. Data were collected in mid-2006 across four regional strata (Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray) from 205 cooperatives in 54 woredas. In each stratum, 14 woredas were randomly selected, and a maximum of four agriculture-related cooperatives were then randomly chosen from a list available at each woreda cooperative office. For each cooperative, questions were asked about the organization’s history, membership, activities (including marketing), gover- nance structure, and external links. Of the 205 cooperatives surveyed, 172 (84 percent) declared that they were primarily engaged in marketing mem- bers’ grain production, and these cooperatives are used in this analysis. Because the samplings conducted under ESCS 2005 and ECS 2006 did not sufficiently overlap, household and cooperative data cannot be matched in our analysis. The regression analyses presented in the following chapters are therefore limited to one dataset at a time. Moreover, a full year separates the data collection undertaken for these two surveys. Nevertheless, we believe that the phenomena investigated in this monograph are sufficiently stable to allow for statistical analysis of data from both surveys to be used in the same discussion.


7 In Ethiopia, kebeles (peasant associations), are the smallest administrative unit below the woreda (district) level. For purposes of comparison, kebeles correspond to a cluster of villages in many other Sub-Saharan African countries.


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