INTRODUCTION 7
Table 1.3 Incidence of cooperatives in nine African countries
Country (million) Cape Verde
0.47
Egypt 73.4 Ethiopia 72.4 Ghana 21.4 Kenya 32.4 Niger 12.4 South Africa
45.2
Senegal 10.3 Uganda 26.6 Total
429.8
Population Number of Number of members cooperatives
300a
13,100a 14,400a 2,850a
10,640b 11,300c 5,000a 6,000d 7,476a
71,066a
(thousand) 6
10,150 4,500 2,400 3,370 332 75
3,000 323
30,136
Source: Develtere, Pollet, and Wanyama (2008) based on data from various government agencies.
Note: The average penetration rate for all countries is 7 percent. aIncludes both registered cooperatives and village associations. An estimated
1,300 are reported to be viable. bAn estimated 7,000 are reported to be currently active. cIncludes “pre-cooperatives.” Figures are thought to be problematic (see
Develtere, Pollet, and Wanyama 2008). dAlso includes Groupement d’Interet Economique and pre- and non- cooperatives.
constrain the commercialization of food staples, and the potential contribu- tion that collective action could make to reducing rural poverty, there is much to gain from a closer examination of RPOs as a possible solution (Uphoff 1993; Chirwa et al. 2005; Neven, Reardon, and Hopkins 2005; Mercoiret and Mfou’ou 2006; Mercoiret, Pesche, and Bosc 2006; Bernard et al. 2008). Past studies of these issues point out that although cooperatives are poten- tially important in improving price incentives and encouraging small-scale pro- duction, nonprice factors (such as the composition and design of the coopera- tive, or the dynamics of collective action) also have a significant influence on the supply response from small farmers (Lele 1975; Bebbington 1996; Poulton, Dorward, and Kydd 2005; Develtere, Pollet, and Wanyama 2008). In its World Development Report (2008), the World Bank highlights the issue in terms of the unresolved conflict between efficiency and equity: RPOs must balance com- munity norms of social inclusiveness and solidarity against business norms of professionalism and competitiveness. As policymakers and donors throughout Sub-Saharan Africa begin to invest anew in efforts to promote cooperatives, there is a need to generate new knowledge about the potential efficiency– equity trade-offs inherent in grain-marketing cooperatives.
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