INTRODUCTION 3


Table 1.1 Participation in staple foodgrain markets, eastern and southern Africa


Country Crop Ethiopia


Year


Maize, teff 1996 Barley Maize


Sorghum Teff


Kenya


Wheat Maize


1997 1998 1999


Madagascar Rice


Maize Maize Rice


2000 1990 2001


Mozambique Basic food 1996–97 2001–02 2005 2002


Rwanda Beans 1986–97 Sorghum


Somalia Maize Food


Tanzania Zambia Maize


Zimbabwe Maize Grain


Source: Barrett (2008).


Note: g means gross; n means net. aRural households only.


RPOs: A Historical Perspective


The historical record demonstrates just how valuable RPOs can be to agri- cultural development. For example, RPOs have played an important role in transforming the rural economies of many industrialized countries.3 In the European Union there are some 30,000 agricultural cooperatives with 9 million members, accounting for 50 percent of the overall market for agricultural inputs and 60 percent of the market for agricultural products (Mercoiret, Pesche, and Bosc 2006). In the United States, cooperatives control about 80 percent of the country’s dairy production system and are deeply involved in a range of spe- cialty agricultural commodities.


3 See Malassis (2000) for a description of how farmers’ organizations were instrumental in France’s agricultural and rural development.


1986–87 2003


2000


1984–85 1996


1999–2000


Percentage of sellers


25n 10g 23g 11g 20g 12g 29n 34n 39n


30n 32g 25n 14g 30g 16g 43n 22n 24n 39n 33n


26n 45n 27g


Study


Jayne, Zulu, and Nijhoff (2006) Levinsohn and McMillan (2007)a


Nyoro, Kiiru, and Jayne (1999)


Renkow, Hallstrom, and Karanja (2004)


Jayne, Zulu, and Nijhoff (2006) Barrett and Dorosh (1996) Minten and Barrett (2008) Heltberg and Tarp (2002) Boughton et al. (2007)


Tschirley and Abdula (2007) Weber et al. (1988) Weber et al. (1988)


Sarris, Savastano, and Christiaensen (2006)


Jayne, Zulu, and Nijhoff (2006) Weber et al. (1988)


Govereh and Jayne (2003)


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