women in both groups ranked workplace harassment, bullying, racist attacks and
prostitution. Roughly half of each group believed that pornography was relevant to
violence against women and roughly one quarter felt that lap-dancing was included, with
less than one quarter believing that topless models (page 3) constituted violence against
women.
Prevalence of Violence Against Women
In order to get a sense of how often the respondents believed these various
manifestations of violence against women occurred, they were asked to state how often
they thought various aspects of violence and abuse occurred; both in the wider
community and their own localities. This was to explore whether there was a
preconception by the rural dwellers that this was an urban problem or a problem that
existed but not in their own communities. In order to make this manageable
respondents were asked about eight aspects of violence against women (rather than
include the 19 options given previously). They were asked to state whether they
happened never, rarely, sometimes or frequently.
In response to the question How often do you think these things happen?, the respondents
listed that the eight forms of violence against women – domestic violence, sexual
violence, child sexual abuse, prostitution, sexual harassment, forced marriage, ‘honour’
crimes and female genital mutilation - all happened ‘frequently’.
Table 5: Types of violence against women that occur frequently.
Rural % Urban %
domestic violence 87.1 91.2
sexual violence 77.2 83.4
prostitution 80.2 83.1
sexual harassment 74.5 80.6
child sexual abuse 68.9 69.8
forced marriage 55.8 56.8
‘honour' crimes 42.6 45.3
female genital mutilation (FGM) 45.2 49.9
The data in Table 5 (above) indicates that there is consensus that domestic violence,
sexual violence, prostitution, sexual harassment and child sexual abuse occur the most
frequently.
This question was followed up by asking respondents how often they thought these
things happened in the communities in which they live. The majority of respondents
believed that in a general sense violence happens frequently, however, when asked about
this happening in their own communities it is only the urban cohort who believe that the
majority of issues happen in their community frequently; and forced marriage, ‘honour’
crimes and female genital mutilation happen only ‘rarely’.
McCarry & Williamson, 2009 14
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