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Introduction to Exodus
Author and Date
Exodus (meaning exit) was probably written by Moses, like the rest of the Pentateuch. There is no agreement among scholars as to the date when the events of the exodus took place. A common view is that the exodus occurred in c. 1446 B.C., though some scholars believe it took place around 1260 B.C.
The Gospel in Exodus
Exodus offers the greatest paradigmatic redemption event in the Bible prior to Christ’s incarnation. As such, it is profoundly Good News to cap- tives, to those who labor in bondage to sin and misery. In addition, it shapes Christians’ continued understanding of and hope for redemption. In the redemption gained through the life, death, burial, resurrection, ascen- sion, and continued ministry of Jesus, we have a new exodus, a fulfillment of what Exodus pictured for the people of God.
Book Introductions
Exodus tells us that redemption begins with God remembering his cov- enant promises offered in Genesis: the promise of the death blow to our ancient enemy through the offspring of the woman (Gen. 3:15); the promise to Abraham of an offspring through whom all the families of the earth will be blessed (Gen. 12:1–3); and the promise that Abraham’s off- spring will be in captivity for a time, but will return to the Promised Land (Gen. 15:13–14). Exodus opens with God remembering his covenant with Abraham (Ex. 2:23–25) and coming down to redeem his people through his chosen mediator, Moses (chs. 3–4).
Through Moses, God goes forward to redeem his people “out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery” (20:2). Central to this redemption is judgment and salvation: judgment on the gods of Egypt and especially on their representative, Pharaoh, through the plagues; salvation amid the death of the firstborn of Egypt, of both humans and beasts, through the substitutionary death of spotless lambs for Israel (chs. 7–13). In the final contest between God and Pharaoh, God as the true King of the world crushes his enemy in the floods of the Red Sea and delivers his people through the waters of salvation. No wonder Moses’ song ends, “The Lord will reign forever and ever” (15:18).
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Having redeemed his people, God then guides them through the wilder- ness and brings them to Mount Sinai to instruct them in his ways. That is always the order of the Bible: redemption, then response; grace, then law. However, the Mosaic covenant could not deliver people from their sins; it was not meant to do so—rather, it served to point beyond itself to One who would come to fulfill all the foreshadowings in the tabernacle and all the requirements of the law’s “rules” (21:1).
Exodus ESV Bible Text
Israel Increases Greatly in Egypt a
1
his household: 2 Judah, 3
for Pharaoh k
These are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob, each with Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and
4 Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. 5 descendants of Jacob were b Joseph was already in Egypt. 6
Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, All the
seventy persons; Then c
died, and all his brothers and all that genera- tion. 7 d
Joseph But the people of Israel were fruitful
and increased greatly; they multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, so that the land was filled with them.
Pharaoh Oppresses Israel 8
e
Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who did not know Joseph. 9 people, “Behold, f
many and too mighty for us. 10 g
the people of Israel are too Come, h
And he said to his let us
deal shrewdly with them, lest they multiply, and, if war breaks out, they join our enemies
and fight against us and escape from the land.” 11
Therefore they set taskmasters over them i afflict them with heavy j
to burdens. They built store cities, Pithom and l Raamses. 12 But the more they were oppressed, the more
they multiplied and the more they spread abroad. And the Egyptians were in dread of the people of Israel. 13 the people of Israel m
So they ruthlessly made work as slaves 14
and n
made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and brick, and in all kinds of work in the field. In all their work they ruthlessly
made them work as slaves. 15
midwives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and the other Puah, 16
Then the king of Egypt said to the Hebrew “When you serve as mid-
wife to the Hebrew women and see them on the birthstool, if it is a son, you shall kill him, but if it is a daughter, she shall live.” 17 midwives o
But the
king of Egypt commanded them, but let the male children live. 18
called the midwives and said to them, “Why have you done this, and let the male chil- dren live?” 19
1:1–7 The sons of Israel are listed in the same order here as in Genesis 35:23–26; only Joseph is excepted because he was already in Egypt. This list recalls the connec- tions between Genesis and Exodus: specifically, Genesis 46:1–4, where God directs Jacob/Israel to go to Egypt. God promises to make Israel a great nation, but more, he promises, “I myself will go down with you to Egypt, and I will also bring you up again” (Gen. 46:4). Israel’s God is not localized to Palestine; his reach extends to Egypt as well. We must remember that we serve the God to whom the earth belongs; his reach extends to the nations; and he will gain their service for his praise (Ps. 24:1; 67:4).
1:13–14 Where was God in all of his people’s suffering? Here is God’s mysterious wisdom at work. He had told Abraham that his posterity would be “sojourners in a land that is not theirs and will be servants there, and they will be afflicted for four hundred years” (Gen. 15:13). And yet, the suffering of God’s people would be used to bring judgment upon Egypt and blessing to Israel (Gen. 15:14). Even so, our sufferings work together for God’s salvation purposes because they are part of his eternal plan.
1:15–21 God’s blessing of the midwives was not due to their apparent shading of the truth. Rather, he blessed them because they feared God more than Pharaoh (1:21; cf. Acts 4:19). They did not follow the command to kill the sons; rather, they allowed them to live. The ironic result is that Israel continued to multiply. God’s gracious blessing continued to be with his people despite the horrific circumstances they encountered.
Chapter 1
Gospel Transformation Notes
feared God and did not do as the So the king of Egypt
The midwives said to Pharaoh,
“Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, for they are vigorous and
1 aFor ver. 1-4, see Gen. 35:23-26; 46:8-26
5 bGen. 46:27; Deut. 10:22 6 cGen. 50:26 7 dDeut. 26:5; Acts 7:17; [Gen. 46:3]
10 gPs. 83:3, 4 hPs. 105:25; Acts 7:19
8 eCited Acts 7:18 9 fPs. 105:24
11 ich. 3:7; Gen. 15:13; Deut. 26:6 jch. 2:11; 5:4, 5; 6:6, 7; Ps. 81:6 k[2 Chr. 16:4] l[ch. 12:37; Gen. 47:11]
17 oProv. 16:6; [Dan. 3:16-18; 6:13; Acts 5:29]
13 mSee ch. 5:7-19 14 n[ch. 2:23; 6:9; Num. 20:15; Acts 7:19, 34]
Cross References
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