in a Blue World

further improving the energy efficiency of ships; developing additional means – such as market- based measures – to further reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from ships; preventing and controlling the transfer of invasive aquatic

species through ships’ ballast water and ships’ hull fouling, which are estimated to cost around USD 100 billion per year; and addressing the technical,

operational and environmental aspects of the ever-increasing size of ships. Projected annual CO2 emissions from the shipping sector

3 000 Milion tonnes

Notes: Reduction potential from IMO MARPOL Annex VI measures

2 500

SCENARIO A1-B4: high growth, least stringent SEEMP uptake, reference fuel price, high waiver uptake

2 000

SCENARIO B2-1: low growth, low SEEMP uptake, reference fuel price and low waiver uptake

Emission reduction by Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator Emission reduction by Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan New emissions after the reduction plans

1 500

1 000 B2-1 500

A1-B4

2010

2013

2020 Source: LLoyd Register, NDV, Assessment of IMO Mandated Energy Efficiency Measures for International Shipping.

2030

2040

2050 11