Towards a green economy


List of figures Figure 1: Total average contribution to poverty reduction from growth of agricultural, remittance and non-farm incomes in selected countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Figure 2: Contribution of agriculture to GDP and public expenditure on agriculture as a proportion of agricultural GDP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Figure 3: Global trends in cereal and meat production, nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser use, irrigation and pesticide production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Figure 4: Regional distribution of small farms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Figure 5: Distribution of population by age in more developed and less developed regions: 1950-2300 . . . . .44 Figure 6: Urban and rural population trends in developing regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Figure 7: Trends in food commodity prices, compared with trends in crude oil prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Figure 8: Percentage of country populations that will be water stressed in the future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 9a-b: The makeup of total food waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Figure 10: Expected future food insecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Figure 11: Share of overseas development assistance for agriculture (1979–2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Figure 12: Global trade in organic food and drinks (1999-2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Figure 13: Estimated producer support by country (as a percentage of total farmer income) . . . . . . . . . . . .65


List of tables Table 1: Potential indicators for measuring progress towards green agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Table 2: Selected evidence on benefits and costs of plant and animal health management. . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Table 3: Selected evidence on benefits and costs of soil management strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Table 4: Selected evidence on benefits and costs of water management strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Table 5: Selected evidence on benefits and costs of agricultural diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Table 6: Incremental annual agricultural investment figures by region needed to counteract climate- change impacts on child malnutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Table 7: Results from the simulation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62


List of boxes Box 1: Agriculture at a crossroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Box 2: Opportunities for improved sanitation systems and organic nutrient recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Box 3: Innovations in the agricultural supply chain increase shareholder and societal value . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Box 4: Cost of training smallholder farmers in green agriculture practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Box 5: Simple storage: low investment, high returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Box 6: Investment in sustainable agriculture: case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Box 7: Innovative sustainable and social capital investment initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Box 8: Organic versus conventional cotton production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59


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