opinion | anTI‑agEIng mEDICInE | 15–30% of IL‑6), the declining levels of


sex hormones and insulin growth factor‑1 (IgF‑1) after menopause and andropause, malnutrition, physical


inactivity,


subclinical chronic infection, dysbiosis, chronic stress and chronic pain diseases. Oxidative damage with ageing, which


further invokes an inflammatory response, may be another mechanism leading to an increase in the level of these markers. The physiologic alteration of sleep architecture that characterises ageing processes


and


ageing‑related sleep disorders, are also considered important pathogenetic factors of inflammageing. an interesting study


pathophysiology of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, CVD, cancer and atherosclerosis. given the evidence that sleep disturbance is associated with each of


these conditions,


sleep‑dependent nF‑κB activation may be a common mechanism in the cumulative burden that finally leads to morbidity and mortality. a further study published by the same


an interesting study published in Biological


published in Biological Psychiatry (2008), has proven that sleep deprivation activates TnF gene expression through an increased adrenergic output related to stress. TnF‑α is a strong activator of nF‑κB, and then of IL‑6 and inflammatory cascade. an enhancement of IL‑6 release is also promoted by the activation of adrenergic tone. nF‑κB activation is thought to contribute to the


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5.


age-related proinflammatory state. Blood 2005; 105(6): 2294–9 2 Ferrucci L, Harris TB, Guralnik JM et al. Serum IL-6 level and


Psychiatry (2008), has proven that sleep deprivation activates tnF gene expression through an increased adrenergic output related to stress.


university (UCLa) in 2010, showed that sleep loss promotes higher activation of inflammatory cascade in women compared with men. Whereas both females and males showed a marked increase


in


lipopolysaccharide (LP S)‑s tim ula ted production of IL‑6 and


TnF‑α the morning immediately after sleep deprivation, production of these cytokines during the early and late evening was increased in females as compared with decreases in males. These results have implications for understanding the role of sleep disturbance in the differential risk profile for inflammatory disorders between the sexes and the


increased cardiovascular mortality rate in women with sleep loss compared with men (women suffer from sleep disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases more than men).


Conclusions It is possible to say, then, that old age is associated with decreased sex steroid concentration, increased proportional body fat, decreased quantity and quality of sleep, and frequent chronic pain/ inflammatory conditions that promote inflammageing. Reducing the secretion of IL‑6 in older patients, by administration of sex steroids, decreasing fat through diet and exercise, improving nighttime sleep, and adequately controlling chronic pain and inflammation, may improve sleep, daytime alertness, and performance (altered by the accumulation of evening cortisol and daytime IL‑6 during ageing), and in turn decrease the risk of common ailments of old age (e.g. metabolic and cardiovascular problems, cognitive disorders, and osteoporosis).


November/December 2011 | prime-journal.com


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