07
22
mobilization 2
successful environmental
diplomacy
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
ranks as one of the great success stories of international environmental
diplomacy, and a story that is still unfolding. The protocol, along with
its processor the Vienna Convention, is the international response to
the problem of ozone depletion agreed in September 1987 following
intergovernmental negotiations stretching back to 1981. Following the
confirmation of the ozone destruction theory with the discovery of the
Antarctic ozone hole in late 1985, Governments finally recognised the
need for stronger measures to reduce consumption and production
of various CFCs and halons. The Montreal Protocol came into force on
1 January 1989 and reached universal ratification in September 2009.
It is widely believed that without the Protocol, ozone deple- melanoma cancer, 1.5 million cases of melanoma cancer,
tion would have risen to around 50 per cent in the northern and 130 million more cases of eye cataracts.
hemisphere and 70 per cent in the southern mid-latitudes
by 2050. This would have resulted in twice as much UV- Instead, atmospheric and stratospheric levels of key ozone
B reaching the Earth in the northern mid-latitudes and depleting substances are going down, and it is believed that
four times as much in the south. The implications of this with full implementation of all of the provisions of the Protocol,
would have been horrendous: 19 million more cases of non the ozone layer should return to pre-1986 levels by 2065.
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