ACCESSIBILITY TO FOOD
Accessibility to food concerns both physical access and af- Large urban markets create the scope for the establishment of big
fordability. Access to markets concerns transportation of supermarket chains, with implications for the entire food supply
commodities and its costs as well as the transmission of chain. In 2002, the share of supermarkets in the processed/pack-
price developments to producers. Poor transmission of aged food retail market was 33% in Southeast Asia and 63% in East
price incentives to producers results in broadening the gap Asia (Figure 33). The share of supermarkets in the fresh foods mar-
between consumers and producers, especially in periods ket was roughly 15–20% in Southeast Asia and 30% in East Asia
of changing diets. outside of China. The 2001 supermarket share of Chinese urban
food markets was 48%, up from 30% in 1999. Supermarkets are
ACCESS TO MARKETS also becoming an emerging force in South Asia, particularly in ur-
ban India since the mid-1990s (Pingali and Khwaja, 2004).
According to the latest UN estimates, almost all of the
world’s population growth between 2000 and 2030 will be The increasing growth and power of international food corporations
concentrated in urban areas in developing countries (Fig- are affecting the opportunities of small agricultural producers in de-
ure 32). By 2030, almost 60% of the people in developing veloping countries. While new opportunities are being created, the
countries will live in cities (FAO, 2003). If present trends majority are not able to utilize them because of the stringent safety
continue, urban population will equal rural population by and quality standards of food retailers, hence barring market entry.
around 2017. The economy of the corporate food supply chain has grown steadily
over the past years. Between 2004 and 2006 total global food spend-
Urban and rural population
in less developed regions (billions)
Supermarket share of retail food sales
4
0 10 20 30 40 50
Central America
South America
3
Rural
Southeast Asia
East Asia
(excl. China)
2
Central Europe
South Africa
Urban
1 Kenya
1992
2002
Zimbabwe
Estimates Projections
China (urban)
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Figure 32: Urbanization in developing countries be-
Figure 33: Supermarket share of retail food sales. (Source: Reardon
tween 0 and 2030. (Source: UN, 2007).
et al., 2003).
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