Greater Horn of Africa
1995-1997
20% of cattle
20% of sheep and goats
Southern Ethiopia
1983-1984
Niger
45-90% of cattle
1982-1984
18% of sheep and goats
62% of national cattle herd
1991-1993
42% of cattle
1995-1997
Namibia
46% of cattle
1993
41% of sheep and goats
22% of cattle, 41% of goats 1998-1999
and sheep 62% of cattle
Northern Kenya
1991
28% of cattle, 18% of sheep
Botswana
and goats
1981-1984
20% of national herd
Figure 22: Impacts on drought on livestock numbers in selected African countries. (Source: IPCC, 2007).
to such events. For example, nine major droughts in selected directly threaten livestock, other factors that influence water
African countries between 1981 and 2000 resulted in an aver- availability for livestock are seasonal droughts and socio-eco-
age livestock loss of 40%, with a range of 22–90% (Figure 22). nomic changes, such as permanent settlement and occupation
Similar effects may be observed on crop production. Based on of seasonal pastures by people other than pastoralists, avail-
the extent of irrigated cropland impacted in Asia and increas- ability and quality of rangelands, livestock numbers and man-
ing water scarcity as a result of extreme weather, an annual re- agement approaches.
duction in the future from climate-induced water scarcity and
decreasing water tables may account for an estimated reduc- The combined effects of melting of glaciers, seasonal floods
tion of the world food production by 1.5% by 2030 and at least and overuse of ground and surface water for industry, settle-
5% by 2050. ments and irrigation, combined with poor water-use efficiency
are difficult to estimate. However, given that 40% of the world’s
Water scarcity in terms of drought or depleted groundwater crop yields are based on irrigation, and almost half of this from
could therefore have great impacts on livestock and range- the basins of rivers originating in the Himalayas alone, the ef-
lands. These interactions are also complex. While drought can fect of water scarcity can be substantial.
3
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